Does Modern Technology Make Life More Convenient Essay

1.Does modern technology make life more convenient, or was life better when technology was simpler? First of all, I am always a person who believe in science and technology, so certainly, my answer is sided with modern technology. Yes, it does make our life much more convenient for so many reasons. Firstly(time), modern technology has greatly helped us save time and energy. And this started from the time of steam machines. People now use trucks to transfer goods instead of wagons, which, in this case, is the best example to support my point of view. There are so many machines and robots help us do the things we could never do or significantly promote the work efficiency.And by that mean, we achieved industrial revolution which, secondly(Economy), boost the international economies, so we are seeing every nation is actively applying new technologies to help promote its productivity and competitiveness. Thirdly, modern technology like Internet really have helped us a lot. Some people even believe that internet can do anything. Communication is more accessible, merchandise is more accessible, the whole world is more accessible. With a simple click of the mouse, we could travel the world, we could take classes from the top universities without actually be there on campus, we could talk to our friends and family face to face even if we are thousands miles apart. Consequently, modern technology has influenced every aspect of our lives, from the food we eat everyday to the clothes we wear, from the house we live to the vehicles we drive, it does make life more convenient, modern technology helps us live a easier and better live.2. What are some of the positive and negative effects that mobile phones have on society? With the development of modern technology, mobile phones are not some rare phenomenon any more, from the kids to the olds, every one has a phone, that also makes China who has the most mobile phone users in the world. First, it’s small enough to fit in your pockets and portable to carry it wherever you go. Second, you can use the phone to talk to, or send messages to others anytime,anywhere as long as you know the number, thus it is very accessible to communication. But, theses functions are not the highlights of modern mobile phones. In modern time, phones are not the phones just to make a call  to communicate with people, it has also become a super tool which you can use for so many different purposes, it is like a computer, but mini version. It is a new type of entertainment, we can play games, listen to music, watch movies on the phone. It is a good work assistant, we can send emails, edit files and set reminders etc. It is a good helper, connect it to the internet, we can surf internet, online shopping or even pay the electricity. Anything, anytime, that is the highlight of modern mobile phones. However, owning to these fantastic functionalities, cellphones are becoming a distraction, an addiction.People seem to unable to get mobile phones out of their hands. I am not sure if you have had this situation. You go out with a bunch of friends, there’re always some people playing with phones instead of talking to people. Gradually, they will fade out his/her social circles and be absorbed in the phone world and they seem unable to escape from it. As a result, they will have a bad performance at school or at work because they waste too much time on the phones. Some are calling for those people to put down phones to fit in their circles. Phones are made to diminish the world and make people get closer with each other, not to isolate people. Moreover, phones are not good for health. If we spend too much time on the phone, the radiation from the phone would harm our health, particularly teenagers who are at the golden stage of physical growth. Last but never the least, money is always a big problem, phone bills including text messages, minutes and data usage altogether would be a big financial burden for you every single month. Above all are the advantages and disadvantages about mobile phones, a typical double-edged sword, whether it is a poison or a weapon, it all depends on if we use it wisely. Psychology Right Environment Culture and Tradition Moral Economy Time Health Emotion Education Does modern technology make life more convenient, or was life better when technology was simpler? For modern technology: 1. Modern transport means make it very convenient for people to travel far or near, thus saving a lot of time and energy. By plane, people can cover a distance of one thousand miles within hours. 2. Modern science and technology promote the productivity, freeing people from tiring and vexing manual and mechanical labor. Many kinds of heavy dangerous work have been done by computerized machines more efficiently and more quickly. People can be released from toils and enjoy much more leisure time and freedom. 3. Modern household appliances release people from heavy house chores. Refrigerators, washing machines, and microwave stoves have made housekeeping so much easier that women can pursue their own careers without neglecting the duties of a good wife and mother. 4. Modern devices of telecommunications to a great extent facilitate and enhance the exchange of information between people. Modern technology has ushered in a brand new era of global information. 5. Modern science and technology are emotionally beneficial. A phone call, an e-mail or a fax bring people closer and make the world smaller. 6. Modern technology enables us to be informed of the events worldwide without moving a step away from our home. The human knowledge multiplies at an incredible rate. Modern people enjoy unprecedented access to information worldwide. 7. Advancing medical science has made it possible for human beings to lead a much longer life and suffer less from different kinds of diseases. Doctors and sciences have found cures for many diseases formerly regarded incurable and fatal. 8. The coming of electricity has removed darkness and the world has been transformed into a well-illuminated paradise. For simpler technology 1. People used to enjoy larger scope of living and suffer less from fierce competition. 2. People used to enjoy a better environment and there was little pollution. 3. Compared with the present deterioration of morals and social mood and worsening human relationship, people used to enjoy a simple and honest human relationship. They were completely free from modern day stress and pressure. 4. People would never worry about the risks brought by modern technology, such as computer virus, nuclear leakage, global warming, exhaustion of nature resources and extinction of many species. They would not be slaves of machines one day. 5. People need not worry that nuclear weapons threaten world peace and even mankind’ survival. What are some of the positive and negative effects that mobile phones have on society? In less than twenty years, mobile phones have gone from being rare and expensive pieces of equipment to a popular low-cost personal item. Positive: 1. People rely on their mobile phone address book to keep in touch with friends. 2. In many young adults’ households the mobile phone has replaced land-line telephones. 3. It has given poor people in isolated community access to services such as medical and legal advice. 4. Mobile phones with Internet access can provide you services such as alerts, weather information, e-mail, search and downloads of games and music. 5. The mobile phone itself has also become a fashion object, with users decorating their mobile phones to reflect their personality. 6. Mobile phone network is the fastest way to warn citizens of disasters like earthquakes, typhoon and other natural disasters. 7. In the event of an emergency, disaster response crews can locate injured people using the signals from their mobile phones. 8. Mobile phones can help the victims call the police or an ambulance immediately for help when an emergency occurs. Negative: 1. Mobile phone use while driving is common but controversial. Using the hand-free phones or the use of Bluetooth while driving can increase the risk of road traffic accidents, let alone the hand-held ones, because the distraction of a telephone conversation itself is a significant safety problem. 2. In Croatia law prohibits usage of mobile phones while crossing the road as a pedestrian. 3. Since the introduction of mobile phones, concerns have been raised about the potential health impacts. 4. Long term studies show that mobile phone radiation exerts negative influences on humans, and in particular children. People using mobile phones are more  likely to get brain cancer and cardiovascular diseases. 5. A study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer of 4,500 users found a significant link between tumor frequency and mobile phone use. 6. Users often speak at increased volume in places like book shops, libraries, movie theatres, which may disturb people around. 7. It’s dangerous to use mobile phones on aircraft due to possible interference with aircraft radio communications. 8. A large number of class disruptions may result from the use of mobile phones in the classroom. 9. Text messaging has a close relationship with the potential cheating on examinations. So, in the UK, possession of a mobile phone in the examination can result in immediate disqualification from that subject.

Importance of Technical Education Essay

Education is important for every individual in a nation. It plays a vital role to change the stare of a country. No country could bring a revolution in it unless its everybody are educated enough to meet the challenges. Education makes a man realize about himself and his goals and how to achieve that goals. Basically, Education is divided into three groups. The Education which teaches the concerns of a society is called Social Education. The Education which develops a personality inside a man himself is called Spiritual Education. The Education that concerns with the professionalism is called Vocational Education. The Technical Education comes under the branch of Vocational Education which deals practically in the field of trade, commerce, agriculture, medicine & Engineering. We are living in the modern age of science where we found Technologies in every aspect of life. What makes life so brain friendly for us simply; these are the Technologies which we use for our ease and comforts. Not only in our daily life but also in the research centre, in defensive measured of a country, biological aspects etc. No nation could generate the progress unless it promotes technical aspects in its fields. The technical education produces technicians for all type of industries and it is true that the progress of a country much depend upon its Industrialization without which a handsome economy would not be possible. Using a technology is far easier than to develop it. For developing a technology, it needed high skill teams which have a high data for the theme. It also needed a high amount of time and also money. To fulfill all these, there must be technical institutes which must cover all the faculties of technological studies and also the support of government to support financially & to contruct it at international level. If it would be at International level then it would be easier to students to grab data in their own state so that they could do something for their own country. Pakistan leads in the technological era. The exhibition canters in Pakistan plays a vital role in backing up the technicians to come up with more and more new technologies because it gives reflection of our technologies to the foreigners which are representing their country, which means we are reflecting our image to that world. By this we have a sense of development and prosperity that we also produce creative mind in the technological aspect. As far as Pakistans implementation in techno field is concern, we might look around and observe that in every field of life we are using high class technologies whether it is in the Industrial purpose, business purpose, agriculture purpose or defensive purpose. There has been a lot of emergence of on-line trading, which deals with high technological concerns in term of machinery and software. Pakistan Telecommunication field also deal with high-class technology. Pakistan also promises to produce best technicians of its own through their technical education centers which allow approximately all the faculties for technical development. These institutes also support the new courses of technology which are introduced at a instant so that there would be no line at which we lay behind. The most important institutes of in Pakistan which support the technical courses incorporate, NED University, GIK University, Karachi University, Mehran University and there are also some other private Universities which deal in technological subjects. These institutes promise to produce technicians who cold meet the challenges of the technological era. I feel proud when I watch the students rushing towards these technical institutes to become a prosperous technician who have a sense of responsibility for the progress of their nation. Technical education promotes the material prosperity and economic advancement. It produces the sense of self-respect and dignity. If a country has her own technical experts, she may save a lot of foreign exchange i. e. Technical Education makes a country rich, prosperous and resourceful. Our country is rich in raw material resources but the thing is, we must have enough technical information to benefit from them.

Biology Post Lab on Osmosis and Diffusion

Brian Toohey Biology Mrs. Heimforth 12/06/10 Diffuse the Osmosis Section 2: Introduction Step 1: The scientific concept of this lab was to see how osmosis transferred the substance through the cells to reach equilibrium. Step 2: My hypothesis was that the bag with 60% sucrose then it would be heavier than the bag with tap water or 30% sucrose. I thought this because I thought that there would be more of a substance change in 60% sucrose. Section 3: Methods First get 3 pieces of the same length of tubing then get 6 pieces of string. Fold one half of the tube over and tie the end with string.Then add 5 ml of 30% sucrose solution in the tubes. Squeeze the bag gently to release air fold it over and tie it with another piece of string. Rinse bags under water then dry. Then weigh bags to nearest tenth of a gram and record. Then place one bag in each of the beakers. Then let them sit for 30 minutes do not touch. Remove bags quickly rinse and dry and reweigh. Then record results. Section 4: Results Step 1: | 60% sucrose | 30% sucrose | Tap Water | before | 6. 2 | 4. 6 | 5. 4 | after | 4. 3 | 4. 5 | 4. 8 | Step 2: As the sucrose decreases so does the weight.I have found that when you decrease the amount of sucrose it will cause the water to go outward making the bag weigh less. Section 5: Step 1: The lab experimentation did not support my hypothesis because the weight decreased more with the sucrose. Step 2: The specific data that made my hypothesis wrong is the fact that when we added less sucrose the after weight decreased as shown in my graph. Step 3: The results did not support my hypothesis because when the water was greater on the inside it went outside by using osmosis but when the water was greater on the outside it went inside making the bag heavier.Step 4: When we were conducting the experiment one bag might have sat in the cups to long. Step 5: I have learned that water is the only thing that can be sent through the cell without using energy. I also learned t hat through diffusion smell spreads. Step 6: I learned that it is very hard to keep track of things you don't label it takes a lot of memory. ;)Section 6: References Postlehwait, John H. , and Janet L. Hopson. Modern Biology. Austin: Holt, Rinehard, and Winston, 2006. 65-73. Print

Discuss the financing hierarchy view of corporate liquidity Essay

Discuss the financing hierarchy view of corporate liquidity - Essay Example Considering this relationship predicted by the hierarchy view, it is different from the trade-off view which argues that the relationship between the level of cash and investment maintained by an entity is direct. The hierarchy view also holds that firms raise their levels of cash reserves when they are confident about their future profitability and the fact that new opportunities will require excessive cash reserves (Tirole 2006). The empirical evidence in relation to the corporate policies on liquidity, based on the survey conducted by Deutsche Bank (2006), suggests that a significantly high level of companies surveyed, i.e. 18 percent, maintained liquid cash reserves which were more than 20 percent of their assets, whereas 38 percent survey participants had established credit lines over and above 20 percent of their assets’ value. On the other hand, one interesting finding from the survey revealed that about 50 percent of the participants signified their indifference towards changing liquidity position, had there been no new opportunities in the market (Servaes and Tufano 2006). Thus, holding of cash cannot be deemed for availing new investment opportunities and this is where empirical evidence departs from hierarchy view of corporate liquidity

Law of Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Law of Evidence - Essay Example This is often done to preserve some fundamental elements of the constitutional conventions and legal traditions that have been preserved for generations in English law. This paper will examine the circumstances under which the burden of proof is reversed from the accuser to the accused. It will also identify how the court rationalise their decisions in these circumstances and situations. A tradition upheld in English legal tradition is that an individual is innocent until proven guilty in criminal proceedings. This is the concept of the presumption of innocence which means that the burden of proof will be on the prosecution rather than the accused. This was made in the landmark ruling of Woolmington V DPP2 where the precedence was set for prosecutors to prove that a person had broken the law before any proceeding could commence in criminal law. The case of Woolmington V DPP indicated that the prosecution has two burdens of proof, evidential burden of proof and legal burden of proof3. The evidential burden of proof is the sensible proposition to assert there is a matter fit for the accused person to be prosecuted. However, that does not prevent the prosecution from presenting evidence during the actual trial. The evidential burden of proof is to ensure that a person arrested on a given charge is actually in breach of a valid law of the land. Evidential burden is meant to ensure that there is a compelling reason for the prosecution to go ahead. It is about the ability to link the accused to what s/he is actually being accused for. During the hearings, the prosecution must present evidence to support the claims on the basis of the points of law, presented by the judge. In other words, when examining the English legal system, it is apparent that cases are presented to judges who present the facts to the jury who in turn scrutinize the facts and come up with a verdict. Thus, evidential proof and

New Malaria Vaccine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

New Malaria Vaccine - Research Paper Example One of the reasons why formulating vaccines have proved challenging is due to the constantly adapting nature of malaria parasites. The latter either evolve drug-resistance or the mosquitoes themselves constantly change and become insecticide resistant. It is in this context that the thrust of new research should be based. The article by Anthony Watts, posted in his website ‘Watts Up With That?’ presents recent discoveries in this area. The article is a summary of the research paper presented in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA in September of 2010. Usually, malaria parasites use certain pathways to infect human cells. The identification of one such key pathway is believed to provide scientists will crucial leads. The research team at Walter and Eliza Hall Institute has been credited with this identification. They now believe that a new vaccine target can be produced, through which contact with malaria could be avoided. The most lethal form of malaria is caused by the parasite Plasmodium Falciparum. The ability of this parasite to invade red blood cells through numerous channels is what makes it difficult to contain. It is conventional knowledge that the parasites enter red blood cells by using proteins called glycophorins. What the researchers found is another way through which the parasite enters red blood cells. This pathway â€Å"does not involve glycophorins, instead requiring the binding of a parasite molecule named PfRh4 to Complement Receptor 1 (CR1), a common protein found on the surface of red blood cells. PfRh family of surface proteins is involved in the recognition of red blood cell receptors, which allows the parasite to attach to the red blood cell surface and gain entry.† (wattsupwiththat.com, 2010) Professor Alan Cowman, who leads the research project at Walter & Eliza Hall Medical Research Institute, offers more insights into the identified mechanism. For example, he thinks that the malaria par asite uses this protein as a guide. The protein helps the parasite identify red blood cells upon which it can attach itself. Cowman reckons that the PfRh4-CR1 pathway is key for successful entry of malaria parasites into RBC. By virtue of this discovery, biologists can now device the ideal combination of proteins to serve as a vaccine. It is believed that by blocking both glycophorin and CR1 pathways, the chances of malaria infection is nearly eliminated. These results indicate â€Å"that if a vaccine were to stimulate the immune system to recognize and generate antibodies to the prevalent invasion pathways, there is a good chance it would lead to a significant decrease in malaria infection.† (wattsupwiththat.com, 2010) This area of research is still in its infancy and pending robust clinical longitudinal trials. Paralleling the work done by the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, a team in Michigan State University has created a malaria vaccine, which combin es the â€Å"use of a disabled cold virus with an immune system-stimulating gene – that appears to increase the immune response against the parasite that causes the deadly disease.† (www.news-medical.net, 2011). Similarly, another group of researchers under the mentorship of Andrea Amalfitano of the College of Osteopathic Medicine have discovered a immune-system stimulating agent. But unfortunately, this agent has proven

Website plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Website plan - Essay Example In fact, e-commerce is believed to the most important and attractive internet supported ideas appeared in the recent times. In this scenario, electronic commerce engages carrying out business over the web with the help of computers that are connected to each other in order to form a network. In simple words, ecommerce deals with selling and buying products and services and transferring funds by making use of digital communications (EcommerceEducation, 2007; Hendershot, 2013). In addition, both the trends e-commerce and e-business are used interchangeably. However, e-business is about the development of businesses which can be run on the Internet, or using Internet systems and technologies to enhance the profitability or productivity of a company. In other words, this term can be employed to explain some structure of electronic business: that is to say, a business that makes use of a computer. This practice is somewhat out-of-date, though, and in most of the cases e-business refers completely to an Internet based business. In this scenario, the most frequent use of this term is for demonstrating a business which offers and sells products and services online, an e-business allows a firm to get access to a huge customer base than some customary brick-and-mortar store could ever expect for. Additionally, e-commerce is believed to be a significant component of e-business. Moreover, e-business can as well make use of the Internet to obtain wholesale products o r supplies intended for in-house manufacturing. This side of e-business is occasionally recognized as online or e-procurement, as well as provides the businesses an excellent opportunity to reduce their costs radically. However, the majority of e-businesses that work without an electronic business platform at the present utilize e-procurement as a key mechanism to effectively track and run their purchasing (McGuigan, 2013). This report

Landslide Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Landslide - Assignment Example Road systems following the contouring system created by layered rocks were disrupted as displaced rock continued to consume the width of the roads. The aftermath of the landslide is budgeting to fix the damage which will hinder development of Ohio as a state. While damage to property or injury to humans was not registered, disruption of the road system continues to mount economic setbacks (Ohio State Wide Imagery Program 1). The affected area is made up of colluvium above the geologic formations like the Ordovician age Kope formation. With retreating glaciers from previous glacial ages, clayey is deposited around lakes formed as a result. The instability of the underlying rock is caused by the weakening bonds between the retreating solid ice and the spaces existing between the particular structures of the underlying rock. The forces associated with the contextual landslide involve gravitational pull of dense earth as opposed to the underlying weak bedrock (Ohio State Wide Imagery Program, 1). The dense and heavier surface slides over the weak bed rock or exerts pressure on it resulting into a horizontal

Marketing as One of the Organizational Functions Literature review

Marketing as One of the Organizational Functions - Literature review Example The objective of this research is to gain an understanding of marketing, core activities of marketing, and its effective usage. 2) What are the main debates in this area? This proposed research aims to focus on the concept of marketing, the main debates that exist in the marketing subject area such as manipulative marketing which attempts to hide flaws in the quality of a product, internationalization, and globalization affecting the scope of marketing, and the debate regarding principle of AIDA (Awareness, Interest, Desire and Action) (AIDA, 2012) being universally applied to all markets, targeted audience perceives what it wants to or marketing makes them comprehend what organization actually wants them to. The research also seeks to evaluate the role of legislation and governments defining the boundaries of marketing. Also, the need of marketing, mediums that can be used as marketing sources, factors that affect marketing adversely or have positive impacts on it and the role marke ting plays in flourishing a marketed item will also be studied in the research. 3) Why have I chosen this area? Marketing has always been with humans, implicitly and explicitly, intentionally or unintentionally. From secular educations to businesses, from social lives to religions, marketing has always been there in different modes and faces. Marketing is not a static concept instead it is such a dynamic process that it has evolved and moulded itself as humans went through the process of evolution. The universality of this topic has made this topic to be chosen. Literature Review The research is supported by the textbook Marketing written by a technical writer and business analyst Mercer (1996). The targeted audience of the book is marketing professionals, marketers and other personnel interested in fostering their knowledge about marketing. The aim of writing this text is to comprehend the concept of purpose, role, techniques, and theories of marketing and getting a better understa nding of it in a descriptive manner and also, the book uses factual data where it was necessarily needed. In this text, the history of marketing is discussed with the essence. It has been emphasized in the book that marketing is not about making products known to consumers but marketing is a vast concept. It is about the complexity of interaction involved in marketing, and its effects on decision-making and business strategy choices. Multi-buyer and multi-factored marketing plans are discussed with market examples. Text is organized in fourteen (14) different chapters, catering all the related information and study of marketing, such as co-ordinations, organization’s pigeon-holes, sales vs. marketing, marketing mix (product, price, place, and promotion), and critics on this approach, the idea of product vs. benefits, corporate strategy, customers, and market positioning are elaborated.\

Comparative analysis of Employees' job satisfaction in pakistani Essay

Comparative analysis of Employees' job satisfaction in pakistani banking - Essay Example level of employees is not appropriately evaluated and rewarded by managers in Pakistan (Abbas et al., 2008, 435); in western countries the recognition of the value of employees seems to be problematic (Abromovitz, 1998, 175). Towards this direction, the identification and the presentation of facts that prove the value of employee performance should be characterized as an emergent need. However, the above assumption does not refer to all industrial sectors; in most of these sectors the role, the characteristics and the importance of employee satisfaction have been adequately addressed and related with the overall corporate strategy (Rasca, Deacon and Dumitrescu, 2008, p.535); there are also sectors, like the banking industry, where the importance of employee satisfaction has not been appropriately examined – further analysis is required (Jamshed Adil Halepota, 2007, p.1). In banking sector, employee satisfaction can lead to a series of a benefits for the organization involved; the increase of employee productivity, the improvement of the customer services, the development of coordination and cooperation within the organization and the increase of organizational performance – either in the short or the long term – are indicative benefits for the banks that focus on the development of employee satisfaction. Because of the value of employee satisfaction for the banking industry – as explained through the examples mentioned above – it is necessary that the various aspects of the specific concept are analytically explained and evaluated. The analysis of employee satisfaction in the banking industry could face many obstacles. An indicative one is the difference on the perceptions of managers on employee satisfaction; the development of policies for the increase of employees’ satisfaction can be considered as an emergent priority or just as a measure that needs to be included in the organizational strategic plan – among other plans. It is also possible that

Library system Essay Example for Free

Library system Essay Most of the references used nowadays and never fades are books. People who need it purchase this reference material while some borrow from a public or private library. In a library where many transactions are being process, there are methods that the LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION used to make things work faster and easier. One of the methods used by the librarians and book keepers is the LIBRARY SYSTEM. It is an arrangement used to coordinate and manage library books, borrowers and users in the easiest way There were several libraries inquired and research by the researchers used a different kind of library system. In Toronto Public Library, the largest public library in Toronto, Canada, uses mechanics in the library system to track transactions (Toronto Public Library). While on the National Library, Philippines uses an on-line access for their transactions, (National Library). Some LIBRARY SYSTEM examples researched by the researchers is the LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION wherein it uses call numbers base on the books that they are classified (Wikipedia, 2014). Another example is the Dewey Decimal System founded by Mr. Dewey where it uses numbers and codes in book numbering for it to be easily found (Wikipedia, 2014). In lieu with the information given above, the researchers want to establish a new and systematic of a library system. This study aims to detailed and illustrate a way of putting up a computerized LIBRARY SYSTEM with the use of a simple programming language, VISUAL BASIC. AKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to Saint Justine College of Asia and Fortunato F. Halili National Agricultural School as well as to Mr. Roger Ilejay, Mr. Emmanuel Valdez, Mr. Angelo Romulo Cruz, Mrs. Ma. Luz Bayani, Mrs. April Co, and also to our instructor Mrs. Jocelyn Gamo who gave us the opportunity to do this system and action Research entitled â€Å"Library System† which also helped us in doing a lot of research. We came to know about so many things that is why we are really thankful to them. DEDICATION This library System is made and develops for the School of Fortunato F. Halili National Agricultural School. This system helps to facilitate or to search the book easier and faster. We are committed to providing the library users with a positive experience that starts with a successful implementation. This system helps to facilitate or to search easier because it is a computerized, organize and moderate. It easy to provide step by step assistance export data from your existing system and upload your data. it easy to process and transferring data. Definition of Terms Computerized To equips with or automates by computers. Library system A computerized library system for a university keeps track of all books and periodicals in the library and their check-out status. Checkout and return are automated through a bar code reader (an external device). The library system also interfaces with an external relational database which stores information about the library users (students, faculty, and staff), including whether they have any library items checked out. . Library users can access the catalog and recall books and periodicals. Library employees have the same access as well as additional capabilities (e. g. , listing the status of an item). Data Factual information or information for computer processing, distinct pieces of information usually formatted in a special way. All software is divided into two general categories: data and programs. Programs are collections of instructions for manipulating data. Data can exist in a variety of forms as numbers or text on pieces of paper, as bits and by test stored in electronic memory, or as facts stored in a persons mind. Database A set of data that has a regular structure and that is organized in such a way that a computer can easily find the desired information.. LAN (Local Area Network ). This serves a local area (typically the area of a floor of a building, but in some cases spanning a distance of several kilometers). Records Data, details , documents, file, information, or reports. In the structure of a database, the part consisting of several uniquely named components called data fields. Several data records make up a data file, and several data files make up a database. Share Distributing or giving files, or a resource such as a file, folder or printer, that has been made sharable with other users on the network. Visual Basic – is a third – generation event – driven programming language and intergrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its combasic to be relatively easy to learn and use. Command Button – A graphical button that appears in a computer user interface , allowing a user to trigger an event. Microsoft Access – Also known as Microsoft office access , is a database management system from Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft database engine with a graphical user interface and software development tools. Related Literature Foreign  According to Robson (2001), usability is a key requirement for users, says Elisabeth Robson, Product manager for Online Computer Library Center. The catalogue has become a way to pull together disparate resources, including commercial resources and web links. management systems also allow circulation, including check in/check out and enable libraries to purchase materials and track where they are. According to Chad (2009), consulting is at a major point of change in the wider information economy within which library systems form part of a larger whole. He was writing in a briefing paper about the study in library management systems. This study examined the systems used in higher-education libraries across the UK and came up with some significant observations and recommendations. It noted that the LMS market in UK higher education is already mature and that four main vendors (Ex Libris, Innovative, Sirsi Dynix and Talis) have almost 90 per cent of the market. This market maturity means, according to the study authors, that the benefits to libraries of changing LMS provider are limited. Library users expect to find everything together says Stephen Abram, vice president for innovation at Sirsi Dynix, the leading provider of software solutions and associated services for libraries. According to her traditionally, the library management system or integrated library system (ILS) was responsible for running libraries efficiently and effectively. Over the last few years, the role of the ILS has been expanding from meeting library needs to delivering user experience. Botolan Community College http://www. scribd.com/doc/99431218/Computerized-Library-System Local According to Eden (2011), views that most libraries are forced to work with fewer staff because of the having a more improved and modernized system for their library . According also to the study, the library administration need to emphasize to their staff that the organization has a vested interest in providing them with the tools and training they need to assist the organization in the new information marketplace. These may include search engines, circulation systems, and the online public access catalog. According to Lopez (2002) , University of the Philippines Mindanao when UP in Mindanao accepted its first batch of students in 1996, the Main Library collection was integrated with the core collection of the School of Management (SOM) Library at the Stanfilco Bldg. , Ladislawa Avenue, Buhangin, Davao City. The Filipiniana and General References were housed together with the College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) collection in Room 2 of the Philippine Coconut Authority. In the Second Semester AY 1996-1997,the CAS Library moved to its main campus in Bago Oshiro. Upon the recognition of UP in Mindanao by the Board of Regents (BOR) as a constituent unit (CU) of the UP System, the CAS was split into two (2), namely: College of Humanities and Social Botolan Community College http://www. scribd. com/doc/99431218/Computerized-Library-System Related Hypotesis Researcher’s hypothesize that their study on coming up of a library system will be helpful both the book keepers and to the students . Book keepers will already be having a stress free and convenient way of logging transactions in the library. Also, they will be able to help students to search book in a matter of second. The researcher hope that all of the possibilities and hypothesis they mentioned would be integrate in their mentioned study. Statement of the importance of the study This study will help the faculty staff and students of Fortunato F. Halili National Agricultural School to make Book Information easy thought in searching a book that they help of the library system made by the researcher for a hassle free transactions. 1. Helps in searching the book systematically and in a computerizes way? This objectives includes the researches of all kinds of the library system that will be applicable to the sponsored school. This will be the â€Å"trial and error† process of the researchers. 2. How to establish a library system using visual basic? With the use of the program language, visual basic and the back – ground of the researchers in programming, the researchers will set – up a library system using visual basic 3. To make a library system for Fortunato F. Halili National Agricultural School? The main goal is to set – up a library system that will fit for the Fortunato F. Halili National Agricultural School.

The Day My Life Changed Forever Essay Example for Free

The Day My Life Changed Forever Essay I believe it is a severe tragedy that children’s pastimes have changed drastically today from what they were years ago: from riding bikes, playing house, and having imaginary friends to texting, playing video games, and listening to mp3 players. When I was young, children learned to use imagination, self-entertain, and willingly respect their elders. I remember going across the street to play with the other neighborhood kids. I would impatiently wait for them to come out on Saturday morning, anticipating all the excitement we were going to have that day. I spent the whole day (until suppertime) outside playing ball, riding bikes, making mud pies, or conquering other planets that were actually just huge piles of dirt. Children today are lazier, more disrespectful, and more unsociable. My kids prefer to spend the day watching cartoons, playing video games, surfing the web, or listening to music. I try to encourage them to spend time outdoors and immediately the boredom whine begins or else they’re too hot/cold. â€Å"There’s nothing to do† is a common phrase that I hear when I say, â€Å"Go outside and play†. Many parents fear that their children are turning into geeks because of their preoccupation with gadgets, gizmos, and anything with a battery in it. They lament that children now lack social skills and that the real fun has been taken out of playtime as they spend hours glued to the computer (Selvarani, 2011). The increase in violence may play a role in parents keeping their children  indoors these days. Rape, murder, kidnaps, and pedophiles are concerns that parents face every day. Danger seems to be lurking around every corner; as a result, we’re terrified to let our children out of our sight. By keeping kids confined to a small enclosed area, are we really protecting them and keeping them safe or are we doing more harm to them? Child obesity has become a problem today because of the lack of movement by children. â€Å"8- to 18-year olds’ daily exposure to televisual media reaches 8 hours a day. As television viewing time has increased, time spent in other activities such as playing, reading, and family interaction has correspondingly decreased† (â€Å"Children†, 2008). Although experts seem to agree that â€Å"the shift to an indoor childhood has accelerated† (Cauchon, 2005), there is a vast difference in the explanation as to why this change has occurred. Whether it’s the change in the parent’s attitude, the increasing violence, or some other unknown phenomenon the change is still undeniable. It is true that pastimes today are geared to entertain just as they always have, but shouldn’t they also educate? If we turn off all the technology and take kids for a trip back in time, then perhaps we can manage to turn pint-sized zombies into active, well-rounded adults. REFERNCES Cauchon, D. (2005, July 12).Childhood pastimes are increasingly moving indoors. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-07-11-pastimes-childhood_x.htm Children, Impact of Television on. (2008). In Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict. Retrieved from http://www.credoreference.com.ezp-01.lirn.net/entry.do?id=8445608 Selvarani, P.; Choe, T. C. (2011, August 21). Those cool games of yesteryear. New Straits Times. P. Main Section

Models of Nursing for Safeguarding Vulnerable Adults

Models of Nursing for Safeguarding Vulnerable Adults The articles chosen to be evaluated, compared, analyse and reflected upon are Nursing models and Contemporary Nursing: their development, uses and limitations, Nursing models and contemporary nursing: can they raise standards of care and lastly Safeguarding vulnerable adults. The reasons for selecting the topics above are based on exposure to the subject matter in university and familiarity with the safeguarding vulnerable adults during the many years spent working as a Health Care support worker within the community. Most of all, the ultimate reason choosing these topics is sheer interest in finding out how effective the usage of these integral topics can improve holistic nursing practice and give the service user or patients a better experience. Supporting evidence for this report were sourced from various mediums i.e. Through the internet and from credible websites such as the Royal College of Nursing, Nursing Times and article catalogue banks such as CINHL and Medline. Murphy, F; Williams, A and Pridmore, J (2010) Nursing models and contemporary nursing 1: their development, uses and limitation. Nursing Times 15 June, 2010, vol 106, No 23pp18-20. Pridmore J et al (2010 Nursing models and contemporary nursing 2: can they raise standards of care? Nursing Times 21st June, 2010 Vol 106, Number 24. These articles are suitable for the education, training and informing Healthcare Professionals about the prominence of their field. The articles are presented in a good and coherent fashion, this makes the reading experience enjoyable. The two-part series analyses the worth of nursing models and deliberates whether the essential concepts, principles and ethics about nursing in these models are pertinent to contemporary procedures. This first article provided an outline of nursing models; how and why they were established; and some poignant criticisms. The second article examined the models in the framework of modern nursing practice, with specific attention placed on current initiatives intended to reform nursing and to improve the standards of care. The authors of these articles are experienced and seasoned professionals in their fields of expertise. Fiona Murphy, for example, is a nurse who has held clinical positions as a Sister, staff nurse and clinical teacher in acute hospitals nursing all over the United Kingdom. She has taught and lectured at the University of Swansea since 1992 and worked on a variety of undergraduate and post graduate nursing and midwifery programmes. (Dockerty, 2013) Julia Pridmore, is also a Nurse Lecturer and programme manager for BSc (Hons) Health and Social Care at the University of Swansea. Julia has been a practicing nurse since the 1980s. She specialises on quality improvement, governance and patient safety (Pridmore, 2010). Their experience in practice and teaching combined, validates their knowledge of the subject and also authenticate the issues raised in the articles. The authors, gave a very insightful historical background about the technological boom which triggered the development of nursing models in the early 1960’s in the United States, but it failed to examine the reasons why it took more than a decade for the same to be adopted in the United Kingdom. One could be identified with the difficulty in acclimatizing to an entirely different concept, but the impediment to change as described by (Kenny 1993) ‘reflecting on the approach and attitude towards change and the bureaucratic environment of the NHS, also questioned if models really stood any chance at all’. This statement speaks a lot of volumes but completely void of proofs or facts. The National Health Service have been a driver for change and modification since inception. The Nurses Act of 1949, for example was established to modernise the role of nursing by providing the catalyst for modification to nursing education and training, 1940s and 50s saw nurses uniform b egin to become more standardised, in 1955 the nursing auxiliary or nursing assistant role achieved formal recognition and Enoch Powell’s Hospital Plan recommended that teaching hospitals should act as district general hospitals and that student should be taught where patients required treatment in 1962. Prior to the adaptation of models in the United States the National Health Service was in its twentieth year of reformation, one can conclude Kenny 1993 quote on attitude to change and bureaucracy within the environment of the NHS is possibly a hypothesis. Secondly, there were numerous complications in developing the models, the smallest of which was an absence of a definition of nursing. This led to Henderson’s description being regularly quoted, and it shaped the foundation of vast majority of deliberations. There were also calls to go back to the ideas of Florence Nightingale. Henderson defines both the independent and the co-dependent features of nursing practice, and stipulates the affiliation between nursing and medicine. This difference between independent and co-dependent practice is vital to appreciating the intricacy of nursing and its specific influence inside the multi-disciplinary teams within a health care setting. Nightingale’s emphasis on the advancement of health and healing as separate from the treatment of disease, and the harmony of the individual, well-being and the atmosphere, remain essential to contemporary explanations of nursing. Both philosophies and ideas resounds clearly in the models, a good indication of the advancements and strides made since the days of Florence Nightingale. In hind sight, going back on the ideas to reflect the idle of Florence Nightingale would be a complete retrogression, but rather using models as a framework to guide and reform the delivery of care and will directly improve the experience of the patient thereby affirming the professional outlook of the nurse within the healthcare setting. Betts V; Marks-Maran, D and Morris-Thompson, T (2014) Safeguarding vulnerable adults. Nursing Standard. 28, 38 P37-41. This article is suitable for the teaching, preparation and informing Healthcare Professionals about the importance and efficacy of safeguarding the vulnerable within the confines of the hospital and beyond. The article is presented in clear and comprehensible manner, this makes the reading experience very pleasant. The article examines more or less the matters surrounding safeguarding vulnerable adults, it reviews some of the correlated legislation and literature, and outlines the responsibilities of authorities or those who care for these patient groups. The article reveals how one hospital that is specialised in caring for individuals with early-onset dementia, Huntingdon’s disease and alcohol-related brain damage who need supplementary care, has provided staff with fitting evidence-based facts about safeguarding adults. The authors of this article are knowledgeable and experienced authorities in their fields. Virginia Betts Previously a staff nurse at Forest Hospital, Nottingham and presently health visitor student at Derby University, Diane Marks-Maran is an honorary professor of nursing at Kingston University, London and St George’s, University of London, lastly, Trish Morris-Thompson director of quality and clinical governance at Barchester Healthcare, London. Their involvement in practice and education authenticates their understanding of the theme being examined i.e. Safeguarding Vulnerable Adults and also substantiate the issues raised in the article. This is an evidence based literature which draws lessons and references from current events in Winterbourne View Hospital and Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust. This article failed to explore in to details the avenues of trainings, retraining, and refresher courses to ensure staff and healthcare professional are constantly reminded of the importance of safeguarding the vulnerable. Although, Nesbit’s warning that no structure or system of safeguarding would be able to pledge with certainty that abuse would certainly not transpire (Nesbit 2013) is completely a valid argument. It also very important to raise, continuous trainings and adequate reminders are the key to keeping this all important subject current and relevant to the healthcare professional. With the view of avoiding a repeat of the happening of Winterbourne View and Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust, the issue of training, retraining and refresher courses cannot be over emphasised. Research and policy guidance advocates compulsory trainings for care home proprietors and executives in view of safeguarding responsibilities. ‘No secrets’ (DH/Home Office, 2000) also mentioned that all organisations must train all employees and volunteers at all levels of hierarchy within their agencies, organisation or companies, with respect to their responsibilities in the adult safeguarding procedures and processes. Kalaga and Kingston (2007) referred to the commendations of the enquiry into the delivery of services for individuals with learning difficulties at the Cornwall Partnership NHS Trust which specified that the Trust must: ‘as a priority, develop a programme of training, supervision and support for all staff which helps them deliver care in accordance with the principles of the Valuing People strategy’. (CSCI/Healthcare Commission, 2006, p 69) Organisations must ensure a safe environment in which all employees are trained in safeguarding, and a uthorities such as managers, supervisors and even team leaders be responsible for systematic official checks of the organisation’s safeguarding procedures, policies, processes and practices. In essence, the evidence presented for Forest Hospital in Nottingham inaugurated in 2013 to deliver expert care for individuals with early-onset dementia, Huntingdon’s disease and alcohol-related brain injury is exemplary, the institution have gone through a great deal of meticulous planning to encourage the retention of information and training pertaining to safeguarding. All employees new to the establishment obtain an information guide and commence e-learning induction sections on safeguarding vulnerable adults, followed by team deliberations on some of the subjects raised on the materials and guides given, and the sections. Throughout the segments and group studies, employees are familiarised with and well-versed on safeguarding vulnerable adults. Responses, feedbacks and questions are given in writing and verbally from employees and shown that employees who had never worked in care homes or anything similar to care found the training on safeguarding adults educational and easy to comprehend. Employees identified that they valued the chance to utilize the learning tools on safeguarding adults in group discussions. They also mentioned that it was extremely beneficial having a written document to which references could be made when needed. This method of training is entirely innovative and worthy of emulation by every institution and NHS Trusts. The only criticism about the training method in Forest Hospital is the fact the authors provided no detail concerning its frequency. It is vital to note, some of the issues in Mid Staffordshire NHS Trust according to the HealthCare Commission was not due to lack of training but rather lack of adequate training. As a firm believer in learning, unlearn and relearning, training a healthcare professional once or maybe twice in his or her career is not enough. Safeguarding just like manual handling require expiration in its certification. This will enable a continuous assessment of employee knowledge and practical skills with respect to safeguarding thereby delivering exceptional service to the patient. In retrospect, one could say the article on Safeguarding focused mainly on physical abuse by so doing leaving a lot of safeguarding issues unaddressed. Abuse may be physical, psychological, financial or material, sexual, discriminatory, or an act of neglect or an omission to act. For example the involvement of exploitation and mistreatment is likely to have a major impact on a person’s health and wellbeing. By the very nature exploitation and utter abuse of power by one person over another has an enormous impact on a person’s independence and most times depresses their individualities, which are a breach of the rudimentary ethos of the Healthcare profession. Neglect on the other hand, was not mentioned, but it can stop an individual who is reliant on others for their fundamental necessities, exercising choice and control over the basic needs of life and can cause embarrassment, humiliation and loss of self-respect. All vulnerable adults have the right to be assisted to make their own choices and to give or deny consent on whatever they please, be it activities or even services. Consent is a strong sign of a readiness to partake in an activity or to receive a service. It may be gestured, verbal agreement, or in writing. No individual can or should give, or refuse, consent on behalf of a different adult except exceptional provision for specific purposes have been made and it generally by law. The main struggle dealing with abuse of vulnerable adults is knowing that it exists, because it’s multifaceted nature. DeHart et al (2009) cross-examined nursing home employees, policy makers and health care professionals to detect training needs of employees. They discovered that those at risk of abuse were residents who are silent, confused and incapable to communicating or those who have few visitors, as well as those who are non-compliant or with challenging behaviours. They proposed that one of the employees capabilities must be the skill ‘to identify residents’ vulnerabilities that increase the risk of their being mistreated’. A key United Kingdom survey of more than 2000 individuals of age 66 and over living in private accommodations and households discovered a variety of risk factors, precise to the category of abuse: The risk factors for neglect encompassed being female from 85 years of age, in bad health or depression and the prospect of being in receipt of, or in touch with, services. The risk of financial abuse amplified for individual living alone, in receipt of services, in bad or very bad health, older men, and women who were divorced or separated, or lonely. The risk of relational abuse (physical, psychological and sexual abuse combined) was greater in women aged 66–74 (O’Keefe et al, 2007). O’Dowd (2007), in reporting on the above research, recommended the discoveries on risk factors, citing that it should be used by local authorities to observe and act on abuse by directing assistance where it is wanted most. Appointing full-time safeguarding leads or introducing training f or all staff i.e. relevant training for all new staff, from auxiliary to consultant level, as part of its induction programme, and another where training is consolidated at handover times to keep it refreshed and serve as a constant reminder at all time. On the Aspect of Nursing Models, Nurses do require a theoretical framework to serve as a guide and support. This is predominantly so now that we confronted economic, demographic and communal variation that will possibly â€Å"value the nurse out of the market. Devoid of using theory to define what nursing is and does, it would extremely stress-free to demote the role of the Nurse to nothing else but just elementary tasks, when nursing is as a matter of fact, a multifaceted, vibrant and thought-provoking role demanding the mixture of understanding , knowledge, skills, familiarity and theory. The usage of nursing theories such as models assist nurses to make the difference amongst the contributions of the medical, nursing and other healthcare professionals and establish the worth of the nurse. Nurses are acquainted with problem-solving methods such as ASPIRE (Assessment, Systematic nursing diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Recheck and Evaluation). However, methods like this guides in care planning, they are short on detail on how to do it. For example, a problem-solving procedure is less likely to outline questions needs asking in the course of an assessment or the interventions to be made. Nursing model can drastically improve the methods of assessment and deliver better care. (Barrett et al, 2012) Models can play a variety of roles in the career of the nurse. Take for example, the newly qualified nurse, a model will be a very import framework for the care planning process. A proficient nurse will have the ability cultivate their own diverse model, grounded on the fundamentals of different theories that fits their methodology and framework of care. In conclusion, nursing continue to offer challenging roles in dynamic, evolving healthcare environments. However, the competitive workforce means that in order to first attract and then retain nurses, Authorities in Healthcare needs to ensure that practices are contemporary and innovative. It is also important to recognise that Nurses are part of a broader healthcare team and it is appropriate that to consider and assess the best way to work with other healthcare providers to provide quality patient care now and into the future. Safeguarding adults is everybody’s business. Statutory agencies and all who work with Vulnerable Adults have the responsibility to safeguard the wellbeing and safety of Vulnerable Adults in different ways. â€Å"Safeguarding† when viewed in its wider sense of promoting the safety, wellbeing and opportunities of adults forms part of core business for all statutory agencies, for example, ensuring health and patient safety is the NHS responsibility, promoting independence and wellbeing is the responsibility of Adult Social Care, and protecting people from harm is the responsibility of the Police. For all professionals, â€Å"safeguarding† in its wider sense is part and parcel of everyday working life. However, it also refers to a very specific area of work- the reactive inter-agency response to protect Vulnerable Adults who are at risk of significant harm through abuse by another person or persons. Empowerment and choice need to be at the core of safeguarding policy and practice; this means working to enable adults at risk to recognise and protect themselves from abuse. It also means taking a risk enabling approach within services and ensuring that people who use services have genuine choice both of and within services. Bibliography Dockerty, R. (2013). Swansea nurse lecturer writes ‘Major Works’ book.Swansea University, Swansea nurse lecturer writes ‘Major Works’ book. [Online]. Available at: http://www.swansea.ac.uk/humanandhealthsciences/news-and-events/latest-news/swanseanurselecturerwritesmajorworksbook.php [Accessed: 6 November 2014]. Pridmore, J. (2010). Julia Pridmore.  Nursing Times, Julia Pridmore | Nursing Times. [Online]. Available at: http://www.nursingtimes.net/julia- /148596.publicprofile [Accessed: 6 November 2014]. Choi, N.G. and Mayer, J. (2000) ‘Elder abuse, neglect, and exploitation – risk  factors and prevention strategies’, Journal of Gerontological Social Work, vol 33,  no 2, pp 5–26. DeHart, D., Webb, J. and Cornman, C. (2009) ‘Prevention of elder mistreatment in  nursing homes: competencies for direct-care staff’, Journal of Elder Abuse   Neglect, vol 21, no 4, pp 360–78. Department of Health (2010) Prioritising need in the context of Putting People  First: a whole system approach to eligibility for social care – guidance on eligibility  criteria for adult social care, England 2010, London: Department of Health.

montaigne and descartes on doubting Essay -- essays research papers

Montaigne and Descartes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Montaigne and Descartes both made use of a philosophical method that focused on the use of doubt to make discoveries about themselves and the world around them. However, they doubted different things. Descartes doubted all his previous knowledge from his senses, while Montaigne doubted that there were any absolute certainties in knowledge. Although they both began their philosophical processes by doubting, Montaigne doubting a constant static self, and Descartes doubted that anything existed at all, Descartes was able to move past that doubt to find one indubitably certainty, â€Å"I think, therefore I am†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How often do we question what is real or true? Descartes believed that doubting everything that he knew to be truthful knowledge was the only way to find out what was actually true and real. He turned doubting into a key principle for his methods of philosophy. Descartes would ask what we really knew beyond the shadow of a doubt. To do this he resolves to search within himself (Descartes 9). First though, since he decided to doubt everything, he had to put aside all of the knowledge that he supposedly knew, to search out the truth (Descartes 13). He did this blindly, not knowing whether the truth is the knowledge that he already knew and was forcing himself to put aside, or that the truth is some knowledge he did not know that would replace his previous forms of knowledge. Descartes decided that he did not need to prove that all of his knowledge was false, but only that all of his knowledge was not certain. He did not, however, spend time examining every one of hi s bits of knowledge. Instead after setting all of his previous knowledge aside he tried to find one thing outside of his knowledge that was certain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only did Descartes set aside all of his previous knowledge, but he also set aside all knowledge he had gained, and that he continued to gain from his five senses. He would not believe what his eyes saw, or what his hand felt, because he could not yet determine his senses as giving him knowledge that could be turned into certainties. He did not have any reason to believe that he could rely on his senses. Descartes doubting of his senses also caused him to reject any knowledge that he had gained through life experience. Most of the knowl... ...se which†¦belong exclusively to the mind†¦things are sensed through understanding, understood through senses (Montaigne 414)†. It is also important to realize that our mind doubts things because it knows its own limits. Thus since we know nothing to be certain it is important to use softening phrases such as â€Å"perhaps, somewhat, some, they say, I think, and so on (356)†. Montaigne was constantly amazed at how much knowledge we claimed to be sure of.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout Montaigne’s and Descartes written work they used doubt as a method to attaining knowledge about the world and about themselves. Descartes believed that preconceived knowledge gained through learning and the senses must be set aside in order to discover certainties. Montaigne believed that there were no certainties because our knowledge was attained through our senses, and thus everyone’s knowledge would be different, because everyone senses things differently. Either way both men turned into themselves to find the knowledge they described in their philosophies. They both left us with one important bit of knowledge to carry with us throughout our lives, accept nothing, and question everything.

My Magic Mirror :: essays research papers

I often wonder who the girl is whose face I examine every morning in the large mirror hanging above my desk. In some ways I do feel as if I know her, but only on a superficial level: the same way we think we know the actors in our favourite soap operas. We may know every explicit detail of the lives of the characters, but the true personality of the actor themselves is a huge mystery which we have little or no hope of ever solving.A mirror’s sole purpose is to reflect. In my case, though, mirrors seem to reflect my persona rather than my personality. This, thankfully, indicates that the mirror sees only what the rest of the world does; exactly what I want to be seen.The mirror in question in large, clear, and attractively decorated, signifying its importance in my life. This is not to say that most of my spare time is spent gazing lovingly into it, rather that it is with the help of my mirror that I adopt my outward persona every morning. While standing in front of it I transform myself from the plain, boring nobody who I fear more than anyone else in the world to the outgoing, bubbly, mature creature I wish I really was. For me, putting on my make-up is not the simple task my friends seem to regard it as; it is the carefully perfected art or creating my disguise.It is only when I am wearing this disguise that I feel I am a ‘normal’ person, that I fit in with the rest of our critical society. On the rare occasions when I have not adopted my disguise (only when I am in no danger of meeting any acquaintances) I become like a ‘Magic Eye’ picture; you have to look really hard in order to see the complete image.The reason I am so unwilling to remove my mask in public is that, to be quite honest, I am terrified of what is underneath. As a result of my creating this mask, I have never acquainted myself with my thoughtful, emotional, sensitive character traits which I try so desperately to conceal. I am not sure whether I like that girl very much, and I am too busy trying to hide her to have the time to find out.I have not always been divided like this. When I was younger I somehow managed to let all the aspects of my character show, resulting in a fairly even mix of the side of me which I hate and the side I promote.

Female Lawyers in the 20th Century :: Attorneys Law Careers Professions Essays

Female Lawyers in the 20th Century As early as the American Civil War, women fought to enter the legal profession. Since then, they have repeatedly proven themselves competent, and yet many have felt the pressure of opposition from their male counterparts. Even today, discrimination still exists, not from outside the profession, but from within. The reader will confront the history of female attorneys, what obstacles stand in their way, what advances are being made with regards to equality, and where the profession stands today. In addition, the reader will confront interviews with actual women lawyers from New York City, and case studies from across the United States. These women each have unique backgrounds. They work in large law firms, in solo practices, and for the City of New York. For contrast, also included is an interview with a female attorney from Oneonta, New York. Oneonta is a small city in Upstate New York with a population of approximately 14,000. Through the use of these interviews and case st udies, the reader will get a first-hand accounting of what it means to be a female attorney today. History of Women in the Legal Profession The late 19th century saw the rise of the first female lawyers. The Civil War, as all subsequent wars, had an important affect on women. Women were brought out of the home in order to take over the roles of the men who were away at war. Some women did not wish to return to the domestic life they had left behind and sought their way into the professional world. The first female attorneys were married women, and most came from the Midwest. As there were no law schools at the time, women seeking to enter the legal profession were taught by their lawyer husbands. In 1869 Arabelle A. Manfield became the first woman to be granted a law license. However, not all women would be so fortunate. In 1870, Myra Bradwell passed the Illinois state legal examination. Unfortunately, the state of Illinois â€Å"refused to issue her a license on the grounds that law was a wholly unsuitable profession for any wife and mother.†[1] Unhappy with the decision, Bradwell appealed to the United States Supreme Court.

Explain Bentham’s Utilitarianism: (30 Marks)

Explain Bentham’s Utilitarianism: (30 Marks) A man called Jeremy Bentham had a theory called the ‘Utilitarianism theory’. He was born in London at the time of the great scientific and social change and wrote ‘The Principles of Morals and Legislation’ in 1789. Bentham had the theory that all humans seek pleasure and avoid pain at all costs. Utilitarianism has been described as an act or a rule rather than a theory. We break this down into three parts: -Motivation: Bentham was a hedonists (‘Hedone’ is Greek for ‘pleasure’).Bentham suggests that humans are motivated by pleasure and seek to avoid pain in every circumstance. Bentham quoted ‘Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. ’ Basically he is trying to say that humans pursue pleasure and fight to avoid pain, and beli eved that this was a ‘moral fact’, also that pleasure was the ‘sole good’ and pain was the ‘sole evil’, meaning humans naturally seek and avoid it.For example smoking, people know that it will harm them and damage their health but they smoke for the pleasure, giving up would be very difficult and would therefore cause pain that they’re trying to avoid. There are also very different examples from different peoples viewpoints such as.. * People who are motivated by pleasure: A person lives their life to go to Heaven. This means that the thought of going to Heaven (pleasure) motivates them to be a good person. * People who are motivated by pain: A person lives their life to stay away from Hell.This means that the thought of going to Hell (pain) motivates them to be a good person. -Principle of utility: utility means ‘usefulness’, this is Bentham’s moral rule. Once Bentham had identified pleasure and pain (moral) he conti nued on to the ‘utility principle’. This is where every action is judged by the rightness and wrongness by its utility (usefulness) to produce pleasure. Bentham said that pleasure is the cause of happiness, so it can be used interchangeably in the utility principle, so an action that causes or roduces the most happiness is the most moral. Everything is based on the end result, if the duration causes pain but it means it will end in pleasure, the utility principle is applied. Bentham devised a theory about ‘The Greatest Happiness For The Greatest Number’.This is explained best when split into two parts; * ‘The Greatest Good’- Good is the maximisation of pleasure so if an action is right it will produce the greatest good for the greatest number. The more pleasure that an action produces the better it will be. ‘Greatest number’- The ‘Democratic Theory’ is put in place, this is Bentham’s rule that pleasure canâ€⠄¢t be for one person alone. The maximum happiness for the most people should always been chosen when set with a range of choices in a moral decision. An example of ‘The Principle of Utility’ using the ‘Greatest happiness for the greatest number’ theory would be the assignation of Hitler, yes a person’s life would be taken and murder will be committed, but the death of one person would save many others people’s lives and cause happiness for the greatest number. Hedonic Calculus: was Jeremy Bentham’s system to measure how good/bad a consequence is. So if we was to calculate the greatest happiness for the greatest number, we must determine the quantity of happiness that will be produced from this action.The way that thus us evaluated is by applying these seven values: 1. Intensity- How intense it is (strong). 2. Duration- How long it lasts. 3. Certainty/ uncertainty- How sure it will happen. 4. Remoteness- How near it is to happening. 5. Richness- Like hood of repetition, how much pleasure it will lead to. . Purity- How free from pain is it? 7. Extent- How far reaching will be the consequences. The Hedonic Calculus system is a Quantitative assessment of situations, it is therefore concerned with the quantity of pleasure (it produces the highest amount of pleasure) for the greatest amount of people. An example and the set out to figure out a moral dilemma would be a question like: ‘Should I abort my disabled child? ’-then to figure out if it would be more pleasurable or painful it would be set like so: | Pleasure| Pain| . Intensity| 3/10| 7/10| 2. Duration| 7/10| 4/10| 3. Certainty | 9/10| 8/10| 4. Extent| 7/10| 6/10| 5. Remoteness| 8/10| 6/10| 6. Richness| 8/10| 5/10| 7. Purity| 2/10| 7/10| Total result:| 44/70| 43/70| So in conclusion- According to the hedonic calculus, the women would go and get an abortion because it would be the greatest good for the greatest number. So that is Bentham’s Util itarianism Theory all explained through three parts, the Motivation of pain and pleasure, the Principle of Utility and the Hedonistic Calculus.

30 Days Challenge

Day 01 – A picture of yourself with ten facts – Day 01 – A picture of yourself with ten facts *I love God. *I have a Labrador Retriever named Buddy. *My full name is Sharmaine Anne Mediavilla Baloyo. *I'm currently 18 years old. *I love to swim but I'm too afraid to take my life vest during snorkeling. *I have a secret passion in dancing. *My greatest dream is that someday I'll be able to visit Greece. *Taking up Dentistry. *My favorite food is Lasagna. *I sometimes hate my mom but I love her so much.Day 02 – A picture of you and the person you have been closest with the longest – Day 02 – A picture of you and the person you have been closest with the longest. Her name is Imee. We've been bestfriends since Grade2. She's so smart, soft spoken, and I love her to the max. She knows a lot about me. Way back then she's my secret keeper and chismis buddy. Day 03 – A picture of the cast from your favorite show – Day 03 – A pictu re of the cast from your favorite show She plays as Blaire Waldorf in Gossip Girl, but she's known as Leighton Meester. She's my idol.Aside from being so good in acting she also has the talent in singing. =) Day 04 – A picture of your night – Day 04 – A picture of your night A picture with my friends from Ilo-ilo. This was taken after my debut party at chalet. Day 05 – A picture of your favorite memory – Day 05 – A picture of your favorite memory Dec. 12 2009, the very first time I've introduced him to all of my girlfriends. =) wala lang batabata pada sa akon kag cute!!! =) highschool.  ¦ Day 06 – A picture of a person you'd love to trade places with for a day – Day 06 – A picture of a person you'd love to trade places with for a day kay, her name is Esti Ginzburg. The girl whom Chace Crawford my love is currently dating. 🙠 She's very pretty and so hot!!! =))) Day 07 – A picture of your most treasured it em – Day 07 – A picture of your most treasured item hahaha wala lang amo ni ang phone ko nga bag o sbg latest model na sya sang nokia. pati ah, happy lng ko kay sng naguba ang phone ko nakita ko ni sa salakyan ni daddy. MY SAVIOR!  ¦ hahahah Day 08 – A picture that makes you laugh – Day 08 – A picture that makes you laugh Wala lang natawa lang gid ko ya! ))) hahaha! Day 09 – A picture of the person who has gotten you through the most – Day 09 – A picture of the person who has gotten you through the most He's my cousin, he knows everything about me. He's always there for me through thick and thin, love you nong! Day 10 – A picture of the person you do the most screwed up things with – Day 10 – A picture of the person you do the most screwed up things with Her name is Marianne Geena Zaldivar Urbiztondo. vital statistics, 24-36-24. hahhaha! pati joke. she's my bestestfriend ever. indi ko na maalala kung anon g kabalastugan ang mga nagawa natin dahil ang dami dami kaya!!! =) hahahhaa! Day 11 – A picture of something you hate – Day 11 – A picture of something you hate okay, I know most of you like cats. but me, HELL NO! I really cant forget sang time na i thought may gahibi nga baby sagwa gin check ko gulpi lang nag lumpat nagkaradusmo ko sang dalagan. Kag basta daw ka layo gid ya buot ko sa kuring. HAHAHAHAHA ;:) Day 12 – A picture of something you love – Day 12 – A picture of something you love I love dogs, especially if they're still a puppy.Cutie patootie na super cuddly pa. Makakita ko puppy sa dalan or wherever ga stop gid ko na ya, gaka stun ko kay ka mga cute cute bi. =))))  ¦  ¦  ¦ Day 13 – A picture of your favorite band or artist Day 14 – A picture of someone you could never imagine your life without Day 15 – A picture of something you want to do before you die Day 16 – A picture of someone who inspires you Day 17 – A picture of something that has made a huge impact on your life recently Day 18 – A picture of your biggest insecurity Day 19 – A picture and a letterDay 20 – A picture of somewhere you'd love to travel Day 21 – A picture of something you wish you could forget Day 22 – A picture of something you wish you were better at Day 23 – A picture of your favorite book Day 24 – A picture of something you wish you could change Day 25 – A picture of your day Day 26 – A picture of something that means a lot to you Day 27 – A picture of yourself and a family member Day 28 – A picture of something you're afraid of Day 29 – A picture that can always make you smile Day 30 – A picture of someone you miss

Civil Rights Movement in the United States: The Effects of the Civil Rights Movement on Race Relations within the United States

The Jim Crow System is a system in and through which the central idea is â€Å"differentiation†. This differentiation is done on the basis of ethnicity or race. Differentiation entails the recognition that races are different and as such, it creates a political setting that â€Å"separates† races such as the Whites from the Blacks. In addition to this, it also separates and ultimately, limits or confines races such as the Blacks to a social sphere with corresponding social functions that are imposed on them. The Civil Rights Movement may be seen as a result of such a differentiation and segregation within the social sphere that it reflects the recognition of the unjust and inhumane aspect of such methods of social differentiation and social segregation. After the said movement, it has been argued that racial differentiation and segregation no longer exists within the United States, and due to this [in a sense] the Civil Rights Movement has been successful. However, there are several contentions to such a perspective. First, the effects of the expedited implementation of civil rights on all facets and areas of society, especially in the North, combined with the break from the traditional means of social integration helped spark the violent white backlash of the 1970’s. The White Backlash is a â€Å"reactionary populism† involving the middle, working class moved by a sense of â€Å"threat† regarding the policies implemented during the time. Thus, race and racism are not to be seen as the main factors involved for they cannot account for the White Backlash in a manner that is altogether acceptable. It is of equal importance that we take into consideration the fact that the White’s resistance to the policies implemented during the time was also brought about by a general feeling of threat and the idea of being displaced in their communities. The discussions regarding racial segregation in schools and communities and forced busing further strengthens this point. Another issue of vital importance that may be related to the idea of â€Å"gentrification†. This refers to the Whites reactionary stance on the implemented policies generated feelings of â€Å"threat†; regarding both their sense of security and sense of community. It is important to note that the very idea and experience of homelessness, being evicted from one’s immediate environment and his or her social and political milieu is degrading for the evicted families and individuals. The aforementioned experience generates feelings of powerlessness, anxiety, and oppression. In American history, gentrification is considered as a mechanism for the revitalization or rehabilitation of the casualties brought about by wars and conflicts both from external and internal threats. Examples of such destructive courses in history are World War I and World War II. Gentrification, as viewed by Smith, results in the â€Å"displacement† of lower income people such as laborers by the well-to-do or the middle class in the process of rehabilitating, revitalizing, and upgrading of deteriorated urban property. â€Å"In so far as gentrification obliterates working class communities, displaces poor households and converts whole neighborhoods into bourgeois enclaves, the frontier ideology rationalizes social differentiation and exclusion as natural and inevitable† (Smith, 1992, p. 2). These ideas strengthen the general view that the White Backlash is largely the reaction of the social classes in the middle and lowest strata, the working class White Bostonians since the elites are in his words â€Å"exempted from the start†. The feeling of threat and the fear of displacement in their communities, these are important factors to consider as to why the Whit e Backlash occurred. The problem with the frontier ideology and the process of gentrification, as I reckon, is that they pose serious threats on the very notion of a â€Å"shared history†. As the materially-driven real estate industries and markets continue to flourish and the advent of deindustrialization, the easier it displaces low-income people from their immediate social environment, social and political milieu; thus, endangering the very notion of a shared history. In contrast to such claims Weisbrot (1990) claims that although certain forms of injustice still exists what is important to consider are the facets of social change resulting from the aforementioned movement. He claims, â€Å"Like other reform movements the crusade for racial justice inevitably fell short of the utopian goals that sustained it. Still, if†¦ (it) is judged by the distance it traveled†¦a record of substantial achievement unfolds† (1990, p. 339). Such achievement involve school desegregation and the securing of representation and voting rights. In addition to this, Weisbrot argued that such developments may be seen as the result of the development of tolerance and hence pluralism within the American community. He claims that as a result of the aforementioned movement, pluralism is â€Å"more firmly rooted in American values than ever before† (1990, p. 342). However, the fast-paced implementation [that is, of the recognition of civil rights be regarded as fundamental rights that ought to be granted to every citizen of the state and not only to a selected few, the Whites] unraveled structures and ideologies of society too fast [most importantly the historically embedded ideas of race and class] without providing or setting up new structures for what was unraveled. This presents the second critique to the assumed success of the Civil Rights Movement. Third, educational equality and racial equality were never achieved in the expedited implementation of the civil rights through desegregation, forced busing and affirmative action policies. The federal government was forcing busing, economics, and housing all at the same time. This leads to Wicker’s point that the problem with the integration plan was how extensive it was and how difficult it was to implement. This is precisely because of the aforementioned reasons, which serve as warrants to my second argument. The question regarding the expedited implementation of such policies fails to consider that such radical changes will result to devastating consequences. The problem is, so to speak, much more complex. As Wicker suggests, â€Å"economic as well as political empowerment if African-American disadvantages†¦are to be overcome† (1996, p. 347). The problem with the Civil Rights Movement is that it was not universal. It was not universal in the sense that the Blacks themselves are not unified in their struggles for racial justice and liberation. It was not able to gain an inter-subjective consensus not only from human rights advocates but also most especially from the Blacks themselves. The movement lacks what may be called a unity of purpose which entails unified and collective actions. This is in accordance with Wicker’s argument regarding the failure of the aforementioned movement. Wicker (1996) contends that the Civil Rights Movement failed to enable racial integration due to the â€Å"continuing separation of whites and blacks into hostile and unequal classes† which leads to â€Å"political deadlock, economic inequity, and social rancor that mark American life† (p. 345). In summary, although the implementation of civil rights on all facets and areas of society created â€Å"changes† on the realms of the social, political, and economic but there remains a question whether such huge and radical changes are â€Å"effective† since the phenomenon in itself is deeply embedded in the culture of the American society. True, the American society and its political culture do have problems. In the case of racial and educational equality and the expedited implementation of the civil rights, however, the issues are more intricate. In order for racial inequalities to end, American society must be prepared for huge and radical changes

Analysis of ‘The Death of a Moth” Essay

Virginia Woolf is a British writer born in 1882 and she died a horrific death in 1941. She jumped unto River Ouse wearing an overcoat filled with rocks. She committed suicide as she was depressed and has a pessimistic feeling towards life due to a mental illness she has been cursed with. She wrote ‘The Death of the Moth’ in 1942. This essay contains a wide variety of rhetorical devices that makes it intriguing. Although the essay is short, she wrote a detailed story with an underlying metaphor. In this non-fictional essay, she effectively conveys her ideas through the use of figurative language. She uses an extended metaphor in which the moth symbolizes humans in the way it lives its life. The essay entraps the reader into the outgoing struggle of our own mortality. Throughout the essay, the reader becomes aware of the tragedy that all life has to offer and that is the inevitable death. The theme is not lucid in the beginning. But in the latter part of the essay, one can deduce that the moth actually symbolizes humans and life. In the essay, she illustrates the struggle between life and death. Her purpose in writing this passage is to depict how pathetic life is in the face of death, and to garner respect for the awesome power that death has over life. Throughout the essay, death is described from many different angles. The purpose of this is to remind us of the power that death has over life. She shows us the death is certain and unavoidable. She does not convey this message with logic, but with instead with emotions, feelings, and implicit ideas. She makes us feel the death of the moth to impart us a more complete understanding of the eternal power of death. She uses several different types of figurative and literary language. As mentioned earlier, the essay is an extended metaphor. She used simile several times. For example, â€Å"†¦ until it looked as if a vast net with thousands of black knots in it had been cast up into the air. † In this simile, she describes a gathering of crows in the trees outside her window. In addition, she uses parallelism, which occurs when she writes: â€Å"That was all he could do, in spite of the size of the downs, the width of the sky, the far-off smoke of houses, and the romantic voice, now and then, of a steamer out at sea. † A good example of hyperbole is present when the author describes: â€Å"One could only watch the extraordinary effort made by those tiny legs against an oncoming doom which could, had it chosen, have submerged an entire city, not merely a city, but masses of human beings†¦ † By using such a simple creature’s struggle against death as a metaphor, Woolf creates a beautiful essay on the fragility of life. Her simplicity and detail keeps her essay from becoming overcomplicated, overly dramatic, or depressing. It was a surprisingly light and meaningful essay on an event that most people would probably overlook.

Traffic jam Essay

Men have stepped on the moon. Now they are going from one place to another within few hours. World fastest car is able to sprint 252mph, but the citizens of Dhaka (sometimes) cannot reach few miles to Gulistan from Mohakhali or any other place to our destination place within hours. You must go out from your house before two or three hours to reach destination which is only 20 or 30 minutes required. Who is responsible for this? Traffic jam is that magician. Traffic jam has become a great monster in our modern life. Traffic congestion is not only affecting our business but the education sector as well. Students cannot do other tasks such as photocopying or collecting notes before attending class in the morning because a lot of time gets wasted on traffic congestions. It wastes lot of working hours of students as well as teachers. In many occasions, students and teachers fail to attend classes in due time. And it is more painful when students fail to reach exam halls and fails just due to a social problem. Now just think everyday how much national time is wasting, how much economical activities are losing, for the traffic congestion problem. This assignment is focusing current situation of traffic congestion problem in Dhaka city. What is Traffic jam? A traffic jam is a long line of vehicles that cannot move forward because there is too much traffic, or because the road is blocked by something. Over the last few years the traffic congestion problem of Dhaka City has visibly been deteriorating steadily. Limited resources, invested for the development of transport facilities, such as infrastructure and vehicles, coupled with the rapid rise in transport demand, existence of old transport and also huge number of non-motorized vehicles on roads, lack of application of adequate and proper traffic management schemes are producing severe transport problems in almost all the traffic route in Dhaka. Citizens constantly complain about the intolerable problems of traffic jam. Background Bangladesh is a populous country & Dhaka, as the capital of Bangladesh, has to accommodate a large share of this population. There are 18 Special Planning Zones (SPZ) in the Dhaka Metropolitan Area, where population has already crossed 11 million. Every year population is increase at the rate of  7 percent in Dhaka. Dhaka Metropolitan Area is expected to become one of the largest cities within the early next century. Everyday lots of people move to Dhaka for the purpose of earning money. Day by day the number is increasing and most part of Dhaka is badly affected by the population growth. Traffic jam has turned daily trips into nightmares to the people of Dhaka. The business community inevitably suffers for the constant waste of its most precious resource of time. Other commuters of being stuck in traffic jam for hours an end, while residents breathe in a lot more lead and almost 10 percent of its population seeks medical treatment each year for air pollution (Faulty vehicles, old vehicles, especially diesel run vehicles, and dust from roads contribute to air pollution) related respiratory illness. The number of automobiles has been increasing in Dhaka city at the rate of at least 10 percent annually, which has been contributing to air pollution on the one hand and traffic congestion on the other. At rush hour, a distance of three to four kilometers can take about an hour to reach. Destinations like Gulisthan, Motijheel, Old Dhaka, Maghbazar, Malibagh, Gulshan, and Dhanmondi are nightmares for commuters from any point in the city. Especially frustrating are the points Hotel Sonargaon crossing, the road in front of the Prime Minister’s office, Maghbazar, Mouchak, Malibagh, Khilghaon, Rampura, Elephant Road, Science Laboratory, Green Road, Jatrabari, Sayedabad, Mohakhali and old parts of the city mainly at Dholaikhal, Postagola, Bangshal, and Chowkbazar. People miss important appointments; are late for work, children and old people fall sick, not to mention the painful site that most of us choose to ignore – a blaring ambulance stuck in the middle of a traffic jam t rying desperately to find a way. The heat released from the engines, especially the private cars that use air conditioners, increase the overall temperature of the city. Continued exposure to pollution from the streets during traffic jams, will have grave consequences in the future health of these people. The economy, meanwhile, is losing out in millions because of traffic jams. Government officials’ estimate a loss of around tk15000 crore annually because of traffic jams. Transport System of Dhaka The transportation system of Dhaka is predominantly road based where non-motorized transport mainly rickshaw has a substantial share. Dhaka  Metropolitan has heterogeneous traffic flows. Rickshaws are the dominating mode of public transport. Trips made by public transport especially buses are very low. A substantial part of total traffic is non-motorized vehicles which enhance serve congestion especially in road intersections. The contribution of Bangladesh Railways (BR) to urban public transport is very small. We listen about big plans of elevated express ways, underground metro rails etc., but in reality it is hard to believe that these plans can ever be materialized by this poor nation having massive corruption in all sectors, from judiciary to education. The 20 year Strategic Transport Plan (STP) includes 17400 square km of water and surface ways in Dhaka and neighboring Narayanganj, Narshingdi, Munshiganj, Gazipur and Manikganj districts. Metro train services, elevated motorwa ys, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), construction of roads connecting the east of the capital to the west, flyovers, footbridges, new roads, and repair of damaged thoroughfares are the main features of the plan. Under the plan, the government will construct and reconstruct 330 km of roads and highways including 50 new roads, flyovers, elevated expressways, metro (underground railway), circular waterways, bus rapid transit, rapid mass transit, bus-route rationalization, traffic system development and safe environment. The Major factor behind traffic Jam There are many reasons behind traffic jam in Bangladesh. Among them some major factors are as follows: 1. Around 60 percent of the city roads are encroached by hawkers, and dumping of construction materials. 30 types of motorized and non-motorized vehicles are plying on the same street, causing haphazard traffic jams. 2. Undisciplined traffic signal in the road and also faulty traffic signaling systems. Traffic police have to maintain the signaling system. Sometimes they maintain the signal manually, which may create more congestion problem. 3. Unplanned growth of Dhaka, Dhaka centric development of the country, the lack of east-west connecting roads, unplanned construction inside the city, and increased number of private transports has the contributory factors to traffic congestion. 4. Indiscipline attitude among the road user, driver don’t comply with traffic rules. 5. No knowledge about traffic rules which encourage people to violating the rules. 6. Outside the mall and right beside the road,  occupation of tea-stalls and shops make difficult for pedestrians to use the pathway. 7. Enforcement of rules by dishonest persons (traffic police) who are busy in collection of illegal money from traffic rules violators. 8. Dhaka City has very inadequate road networks. For a standard city, where the minimum road requirement is 25% to 30%, Dhaka has only 7.5% road of its total area. 9. Illegal parking is another reason for traffic jam. Cars, trucks and other vehicles are parked almost everywhere. 10. Some traffic police officers are busy for extracting money for the illegal parking and violation of signal by stopping the vehicle in the middle of the road. 11. Inadequate manpower and narrow road spaces and overtaking tendency of drivers create pro-longed traffic congestions and intensify sufferings of commuters keeping people motionless as well as creating suffocating condition in the streets 12. There are bus terminals not authorized by the traffic department and the bus drivers do not go by traffic rules. Also buses stop randomly to pick up and drop passengers. 13. Each day around 80 trains enter and exit the city, which causes six hours halt of traffic in total through each level crossing. Such types of level crossing create intolerable congestion at Magbazar, Mohakhali, Staff road, Karwan Bazar and other places. 14. VIP protocol maintaining is another reason for frequent traffic jams in the streets 15. Divider problem in the city’s different important roads also causes congestion. 16. On the same road the uncoordinated road digging by Dhaka City Corporation (DCC), Dhaka Electric Supply Authority (DESA), Water and Sewerage Authority (WASA), Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board (BTTB), Titas Gas and other utility service providers without any integration together make reasons for further road congestion. 17. In any roundabout in Dhaka the plying CNG, rickshaw, bus, etc form multiple lines. They do this to grab a tiny space out of sheer desperation. 18. Most of time, we see that during jam traffic police just let one side go for like 5 minutes or more which increase the jam more. They should manage it more professionally. 19. With mass transport not allowed through BUET and DU it creates excessive pressure on the adjoining roads. 20. Illegal occupation of roads by small traders and vendors is one of the causes of traffic jam in the town. No one is aware about it. Bus drivers are mostly responsible for traffic jam. They even don’t care about the traffic rules and signals, which may create the congestion. 21. Now a days the  number of buses increases day by day. And the local buses are run very faster. They don’t maintain the rules of the street. They just drive and occurring heavy traffic jam. 22. The numbers of old transportation are still in Dhaka city. Those are illegal. They don’t have their fitness. But they are still running in the Dhaka city. 23. More than seven hundred thousand rickshaws ply the city road, but only seventy five thousand have legal number. This huge number of rickshaws is creating traffic congestion. From time to time attempts are made to reduce the number, but the initiative usually produces no results. 24. Most foot-over bridges and underpasses remain unutilized by the pedestrians reasoning dark and dodgy atmosphere inside as billboards block view from outside. Unhygienic passageways, steep stairs and pathway encroached by hawkers make it difficult to move on the bridge and that’s why they don’t want to use the foot-over bridge. 25. Many compressed natural gas (CNG) refueling stations and petrol pumps are located near to the intersections that disturb or block the streets when large queues of vehicles break into the road. Although there is rule to set up refueling stations having vacant spaces to accommodate thirty vehicles to wait inside the compound, it has been overlooked. 26. A lot of the plush shopping malls in the city have resulting illegal road occupation by vehicles. Between Panthapath and Sonargaon intersection the traffic jam at anytime of the day is horrible because of the city’s biggest shopping mall constructed in the area. 27. Some people don’t want to use the parking space, too many people are habituated and love to park them on the street so that can resulting traffic congestion. 28. The fines for traffic violations are too meager to raise fear to the violators. The following remedial measures can be adopted for eliminating the traffic congestion problem in Dhaka city. Here three types of remedial is discussed – Short term suggestions 1. All offices should start at 7.30 AM and all education institutes should start at 8 AM, Banking should start at 9 AM and all can be end within just 2.30 PM, 4.30 PM & 4 PM. 2. Water transport should be established like other developed countries surrounding Dhaka city. By that WASA don’t need to block the street. 3. Population control must be implementing as very strictly like china, if we cannot control over the population then we cannot  give the place to our next generation. From now, from today we should not take more than one child. 4. Pedestrian facilities should be increase. Cycle path should be provide 5. Political interface must be avoid 6. There should be a whole â€Å"park† to educate on traffic system for the residents and children especially since one of the main reasons for road accidents and drivers not following rules is because of the abundance of fake licenses 7. Through lane system different sort of vehicle will run in different lane. If any driver breaks the rule he has to face some legal consequences like jail and financial penalty. 8. The government has divided Dhaka into seven zones with shops and businesses in each to observe a different weekly holiday, which may resolve some pressure of traffic. 9. People are habituated and thus love using the shortest way by crossing over the street. Now, that it poses risk for the vehicles and create unnecessary traffic block let apart risking the pedestrians’ lives, are not their concern. Create awareness to the people to use the foot over bridge, and zebra crossing to passing the road. Also make the passageway clear and hygienic to motivate people to use the foot-over bridge and underpasses. 10. Rickshaw and other non-motorized vehicle strictly banned from the street. 11. The rules for CNG refueling station have to be strictly maintained. Those are overlooked the rule are not able to do business. Midterm suggestion 1. CNG conversion for all types of personal cars (Private cars, light motor vehicles etc.) will need to be forbidden. This is to reduce traffic congestion on the streets of Dhaka city. In Bangladesh the price of CNG is comparatively cheap as a consequence many private vehicles were in the streets. In the year 2009 the number of registered vehicles was 5lac and 27,000 among these 2lac are private vehicles. 2. To reduce air pollution and traffic congestion in Dhaka city, the use of private motor vehicles must be abridged. 3. The number of rickshaw pullers is vast. Almost there are no roads or street or lane for them. So, DMP need to make an extra lane for keep the road free from traffic jam. 4. Installing of CCTV sets to monitor traffic movement. 5. Free the footpaths from illegal occupation of hawkers and bus counters. 6. Private vehicles with less than four or five passengers would not be allowed to ply the city streets. 7. From now the capital city of Dhaka should be blocked or fixed for limited persons as who can maintain living status of education, rules-regulations, civic sense, morality, regular tax payer and good service contributor etc. 8. The highway bus, truck enter and travel the city between 11pm to 6am. Other than it is banned to travel in city highway. 9. BRTC have to create lots of bus stoppage in the street but in a planned way, basically those place where so crowded. Without those stoppage any bus are not allow to stop. And also stoppage should be outside from the street, otherwise buses occupying road spaces which may block the traffic flow. 10. Traffic management system has to be stronger enough. Every driver should have to follow the traffic system. DMP have to create some steps by those citizens and drivers are able to make some knowledge about the traffic system. If the people are well known about the signal system than it will stop them to violating the traffic system. 11. In front of every shopping mall an extra road need to construct as a stoppage. Long term suggestion 1. Government can shift all wholesale markets, government administrative offices, Dhaka central jail, all industries, tanneries, to outside of Dhaka city. Industrializations should be based on upozilla; it should not depend on metropolitan cities. Then rural areas will grow up step by step. 2. Every school has to own the transport for the student – especially at the primary level. There are around 400 private & government schools in the capital. BRTC has already launched bus service for school going students to ease off traffic jam in the capital. 3. All import-export connected offices should go to near port areas of Chittagong or Mongla, or in on the way to any port where they can send the goods easily for shipment. There is no need that those offices are to be Dhaka based. 4. DHAKA city’s public transport service may have improved somewhat over the past year with the introduction of new Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) buses on major routes but it is not yet to be good enough to be of ‘capital quality’. 5. All main roads should be one way. All type car parking must band in all roads. 6. Stopping of buses in middle of roads should be band except bus stops. All  type stands of buses trucks, taxies, CNGs etc should band in the roads. 7. Flyovers are constructed at important intersections to reduce traffic congestion. Expressways should be introduced for passengers to cover long distances over busy routes, like from Gabtoli to Motijheel, Gulistan to Airport directly without any stoppage. 8. The city’s lone dependency on surface transportation system should be diversified to monorail, metro rail, and elevated expressways. Like other developed countries in the world we also have to build the underway monorail, which minimize the traffic congestion. 9. There are lots of vehicles are travel in Dhaka but the parking place is very few. So, to minimize the traffic congestion government have to Increase Street parking facilities. 10. In Dhaka there are lots of school, college, and university, some of which were construct in front of main street, some of which were residential area and also some were in commercial area. Those have to build in some specific area, not to build in the residential or commercial area or in front of the street. Conclusion While very little can be done to change the larger picture now, there are a number of smaller factors which aggravate the traffic situation in the city. Mega city Dhaka would get better result through traffic management, physical restriction on car use, parking control, bus priority and provision for cyclists and pedestrians. While relocating some of these establishments may not be feasible any longer, especially since the university campuses have become an integral part of city life, which the authorities in these institutions could allow a better flow of traffic during extreme traffic scenarios and the government should develop alternate roads and flyover along these places to smoothen the flow of traffic. Road building is a supply side measure taken on the basis of time saving but added that over the last decade, there has been a change of emphasis because of the notion that supply generates its own demand. The BRTA have to stop registration of small cars for a certain time and increase gas price have been shelved on the ground of socio-economic and political impact. Most of the cases, if any decision taken has gone against a certain quarter was either withdrawn or halted in the middle of implementation. The BRTA is yet to be strict on issuing new driving license and those of drivers driving with illegal vehicles. It has not done any improvement in its training module for both  new and semi skilled old drivers keeping mind of the time. But the drivers are the forces responsible for killing more than 3000 people every year and deteriorating the traffic jam situation occupying the maximum road capacity. The minister admitted the government’s failure in controlling the traffic situation in Dhaka. My point is failure or success comes after taking an action. But the government did not take any action at all to solve the problem.