Impact of Health Inequality in the UK

Impact of Health Inequality in the UK According to the NHS (2013) the UK is perceived as healthier that it has ever been in its history. This is mainly due to the enhancement of life expectancy, the eradication of diseases, and the advantages brought by public health reforms and technology. However, the problem of health inequalities remains omnipresent. Even if the health of the population is improving, the health of the poor or those less well-off is either improving really slow or it gets worse. This is a main challenge for the policy makers, who see that even though their interventions work, they fail in some sections of the population. Health inequalities in the UK To understand the impact of health inequalities, we need to start from the beginning. Economic and social changes, the downfall of manual work, the development in women’s employment, as well as migration patterns and the change of the family structure have modified the population’s nature. Additionally, the NHS (2013) believes that these changes also affect the data about health. They also add that occupation-based classification attracts social inequality in Britain. Moreover, living standards improve the higher one moves on the social ladder, but so do a range of people’s wellbeing factors, such as education, employment opportunities and, last but not least, health. Researchers believe that in an intricate society as Britain, there are â€Å"a number of axes of social differentiation† (Anthias (1990) as cited by the NHS (2013)). These refer to ethnicity, gender, sexuality, age, area, community and religion. Furthermore, it is believed that these classifications are linked but represent separate dimensions of inequality. Exposure to racism is a major factor why the wider population is disadvantaged, and this can take and additional effect on the health of black and Asian communities (Karlsen, 2002). (NHS, 2013) The table provided illustrates a pathway, in the same time giving examples of determinants or factors that operate at different stages along the way. It runs from social structure to health and wellbeing. As it can be seen, education impacts on a person’s health and wellbeing through social position and intermediary factors that are associated with it. Besides the environmental and behavioural factors (housing quality, exposure to smoking) the table also presents health and social services among the intermediary factors. These not only have a strong role in preventive care, but they also contribute so reducing the effects of illness and injury on health. We need to keep in mind that the figure does not provide a complete picture. It shows examples from a key set of pathways. This can refer to poor health and disability which can affect an individual’s socioeconomic circumstances, which influences health and all the way to social position. In addition, due to a person’s social standing, which can alter access to societal resources (education and job opportunities) and exposure to risks, this has a strong relation with health over time and across different diseases. In order to make sure that health inequalities are eradicated, the NHS (2004) comes up with a series of changes that can be applied. Attention needs to be given to the baseline data collected and compare it within and across the New Deal for Communities. Moreover, the planning agenda needs to be more focused towards local health and make sure that goals are realistic and measurable. Last but not least, planned activities need to be specified, resourced and targeted towards change. However, David Buck (2014) states that reducing health inequalities should not be left only to local authorities. Although they have an essential role to play when dealing with these issues, Buck proposes a joint commitment by the leaders of communities on how they approach and deal with this situation by using the â€Å"big levers: commissioning, incentives and accountability†. Further, if health inequalities are not solved, it can have disadvantages not only on the population, but also on the economy. The Marmont Review (201) as cited by Jane Dreaper (2010) states that inequality in health accounts for  £33bn of lost productivity every year. She also advises the NHS to start spending more on prevention than the 4% it currently does, so as to provide more help to those who need it. Challenges When identifying and analysing challenges I have decided to focus on diet and lifestyle factors. Diet and nutrition The Department of Health (England) states that food poverty is â€Å"the inability to afford, or to have access to, food and to make up a healthy diet†. The Faculty of Public Health (2009) also adds that the poorer an individual is, the worse their diet and the more diet-related diseases they suffer from. This represents a risk which can backfire to diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease and diabetes. It has been found that poor diet accounts for 30% of life years lost to early death and disability (National Heart Forum, 2004). Inequality in health has a strong correlation to food poverty. People with low incomes suffer from poor diets, due to low intakes of fruit and vegetables, and also dental caries among children, to name a few. Already the government is trying to solve the issue, but the actions needs to be more than health professionals giving advice to individuals. The â€Å"food environment† needs to change, referring to accessibility, affordability and culture. By strategically including public health professionals in key areas and developing programmes, the barriers to healthy eating can be broken down and nutrition improvement can be achieved (Faculty of Public Health, 2009). Some barriers to healthy eating have been tackled and presented. One of the main factors is the low income and debt. This can restrict an individual’s access to fresh fruit and vegetables, which are normally more expensive. Additionally, this is influenced by the poor accessibility to affordable healthy foods. In disadvantages neighbourhoods, shops are starting to close down, and the construction of supermarkets out of town proves to be difficult due to transport links and impossibility to pay for the fair. Furthermore, foods which are high in fat, sugar and salts are cheaper and more available, making it one of the biggest factors of poor nutrition. The same findings have been stated by Hillary Shaw in her study conducted in Birmingham (Hillary Shaw 2012). Exercise The Health Survey of England conducted a survey in 2008 regarding participation in all types of physical activity at work, and during leisure time. The results showed that social class is a great factor in participation, but it differs regarding gender. (Health Survey for England 2008) This measurement includes physical activities carried out during work. However, when this is excluded, a connection between physical activity and income is observed among men, but not women. This can also be explained by active transport, such as walking or cycling, since people on lower income may walk or cycle more due to not owning a car or affording public transportation. Furthermore, The Active People Survey conducted in 2011/12, with 500 participants, found a relation between socioeconomic factors and participation in sport. The figures in the table below use the notations of the National Statistics Socio-Economic Classifications (NS-SEC). From the findings, we can observe that 43% of the adults in groups 1 and 2 take part in sport for at least 30 minutes once a week or more, compared to 27% of adults in groups 5-8. (Active People Survey 2011/12) The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) affirmed that the figures reported from the above surveys are influenced by the built and natural environments people live in. People from lower social standings tend to live in areas or neighbourhoods which have poor access to environments that support physical activities (parks, gardens or safe areas), and tend to live near busy roads. To add, people from lower socioeconomic groups tend to live in areas that do not present a framework for public transportation, therefore they rely on walking or cycling for transport and to access employment (The Marmont Review 2010). More, fear of traffic can be another factor in allowing children to play outside, walking or cycling. The Institute of Public Policy Research (2002) revealed that children in the 10% most deprived wards in the UK are more than three times as likely to be pedestrian casualties as children in the 10% least deprived wards. Affordability may also be a barrier to taking part in sports and activities. This is due to gym membership costs that are out of the range for many people with low incomes. The Health Survey for England (2007) showed that 13% of men and 16% of women cite lack of money as a barrier to exercise. Even though, taking part in activities such as walking or hiking are less costly, 45% of men and 34% of women stated that work commitments represent another obstacle to being active. Therefore, people from a lower social standing may not have the money and the time to take part in physical activities. One example for these findings is provided by Rowenna Davis (2011). She compared two neighbourhoods in Glasgow which are close to one another, but differ in every way: Jordanhill, a posh area, and Parkhead, a poor neighbourhood. The ladder area is known for having worse housing, not enough parks and poor transportation links. Moreover, researchers believe that children living in this area are more likely to start smoking, drinking and having a poor diet. Smoking People in poorer social classes are believed to die sooner due to a series of factors. The dominant factor among men is smoking, accounting for nearly half of the difference in risk of premature death between the social classes. Additionally, smoking is more concentrated in Britain’s poorest families, with low income lone parents having the highest rates of smoking. This is also influences the high rate in illnesses in this category, such as cancer and heart disease (NHS 1999) Smoking during pregnancy also has its say in this issue. It not only hurts the mother, but also the unborn child. The highest rates have been recorded among expectant mothers under the age of 0 and women who have left school at the minimum leaving age and with no educational qualifications. These results show to be three times higher among women from a bad social standing than women in the rest of the categories (NHS 1999). Leaders There are many charities nowadays that are trying to solve the health inequality prove by helping those who need aid. One of the charities I have identified is the Gleaning Network UK. This initiative’s goal is to save thousands of tonnes of fresh fruit and vegetable which are wasted on UK farms. These crops cannot reach the market because they fail the cosmetic standards of due to overproduction. The Gleaning Network UK uses teams of volunteers, local farmers and redistribution charities in order to salvage this food and give it to those that need it. In 2013, they have saved 48 tonnes of produce which were made into 200,000 meals that helped communities around 6 major cities (Gleaning Network UK, 2014). The British Heart Foundation is also fighting to stop health inequalities, by providing support to those who smoke and want to quit, with the help of â€Å"No Smoking Day†. This is one of the UK’s biggest annual health awareness campaigns which creates supportive environments for everyone and provides sources of help and advice. Already in 2013, 20% of the smokers aware of this campaign made an attempt to stop smoking, reaching an estimate of 1 million quitters (No Smoking Day website 2014). Regarding exercise and physical activity, one of the most prolific charities I have found is the Right To Play. They believe that play and exercise if a tool for education and health, so volunteers teach children and youth that through sport one can be taught about values and goals. Their vision is â€Å"to create a healthy and safe world through the power of sport and play†. Even though the organisation works at a global level, it helped many communities in the UK to start taking up sports and leading a healthier life (Right to Play website 2014). Recommendations Improving people’s lifestyles and eradicating food poverty need to be top priorities for primary care organisations and local authorities. Moreover, collaboration of organisations, charities and councils need to focus on developing strategies which will reduce barriers to a healthy life. One of the first recommendations drawn from the charity examples from before is to establish a local â€Å"food poverty partnership† with organisations including health services, local authorities and voluntary organisations to develop a local food poverty strategies. One successful example is the Cyrenians in Edinburgh, Scotland, a charity which started an initiative of â€Å"turning waste into opportunities†. Their aim is to get food waste down to zero, by working with local restaurants and shops and socially disadvantaged people from different communities. The food that the eateries and shops do not use anymore is donated to charities which will prepare meals for those who need it. Moreover, they provide jobs for those who also wish to work in the fields of collection and cooking (Cyrenians 2014). The next recommendation focuses on working with local communities and understanding their priorities, barriers and opportunities. With the help of community meetings and surveys, healthy living can be promoted. One of the best examples in this case is the Good Gym organisation. This charity encourages people to combine their exercise routine with volunteering, matching busy workers with elderly â€Å"coaches† who receive their paper or deliveries in exchange of an incentive for their weekly visitors to keep on running. The Good Gym works with the NHS, charities and local community centres, and talks to people from poor neighbourhoods trying to understand their situation and what can be done. As a result, the foundation organises monthly group runs in east London, performing useful activities along the way. Up till now, the members have distributed flyers for a local hospice, tidied up community gardens and hauled compost on to a school roof (Barkham 2012). When tackling smoking, care providers, local councils and the organisations involved need to put together treatments that will prove to be effective. The GP should consider holding brief interventions to those trying to give up smoking, also providing advice, self-help materials and suggestions for more intensive support. Individual behavioural counselling will be essential when lending a help for those seeking motivation to quit. Additionally, mass-media campaigns need to become the main means of sending the message of â€Å"stop-smoking† across, by using radio commercials, internet and TV ads. The same strategies have been used by the NHS with their â€Å"No Smoking Day† campaign. This movement has recorded an increase of 10% over the last 4 years of those who want to smoke.

Of Words and Women :: Feminism Equality Essays

Of Words and Women missing works cited There is an old saying that plays something to the tune of, "sticks and stones will break my bones, but words will never hurt me." It is possible that such a phrase was popularized in order for people to equip themselves with a psychological defense against the reality that words can, in fact, have a tremendous amount of significance depending on their usage and context. The careful manipulation of language in essays, for example, is one way that words can be arranged and exploited. This is a tool that authors will often use to reach a specific audience. Like so many authors, Anne Richardson Roiphe exercises this technique in her 1972 essay in the New Yorker, entitled "Confessions of a Female Chauvinist Sow." One way in which Roiphe orchestrates her scheme in the essay is through the use of specific pronouns, such as "us," "we," "they," and "you" to establish a rapport-like connection with female readers. The effect of this subtle device is that Roiphe is able to directly communicate with other women, enabling her to transmit her personal thoughts and feelings with readers as if they were actually having a conversation. The twist, of course, is that Roiphe is also able to take advantage of this connection to spread her message of gender equality at the same time. But if this is Roiphe's purpose, why is she concerned about sex equality in the first place? Consider her childhood: Roiphe was born in 1935, raised in the middle of the Great Depression, and closed out her first decade of life at the end of World War II. Roiphe would have seen women rise from the devastation of national disaster to take several places in factories and workshops, where many women worked during the war while the men were deployed for combat. Furthermore, Roiphe would have been introduced to one of the first female authority figures in First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. As Roiphe reached adulthood, she would have been immersed in a culture torn apart by civil rights issues, Vietnam arguments, and crusades for personal liberties. It is a culture that would have nurtured feelings of both resentment and pride. The women's rights movement was one such campaign that emerged from this turbulent era. Women, of course, had been historically shunned and excluded from next to all aspects of society outside the home.

Naturalistic Observation Essay

Using the Naturalistic Observation my hypothesis was simply is the children’s choice a naturally driven behavior in an active aggressive or active passive ways. By watching a group of 7 year old boys and girls in a daycare setting over a few days, I was able to see the different behaviors. I thought I would discover that girls are just as aggressive as boys but that is not necessarily so. Ethically speaking, I was able to ask the parents if I may observe the children (not using their names or the location of the daycare) for the class assignment and showed them the assignment. Informed consent is a process in which a participant consents to participate in a research project after being informed of its procedures; risks, beneï ¬ ts, and dignity are all protected. Yes, 7 year old boys seem to be hard-wired for more active and aggressive pursuits than 7 year old girls. Boys are more physically active than girls, in infancy and throughout childhood. They kick, swing their arms and race around the house noticeably more than girls do, as many exhausted parents can testify. Girls are quite content to sit there and play with their dolls where the boys like trucks and wrestling around. Given a choice of Power Rangers, Tonka, and a Barbie beauty set, the 7 year olds, boys and girls, actually prefer the gender appropriate choices. In fact, children’s gendered toy choice is one of the largest sex differences in behavior.

Social Adversity In Out Of This Furnace - 1209 Words

Literature helps mirror some of the issues that individuals face in the society. Authors use fictional or real situations, in some cases, to demonstrate the extent to which a community suffers from various injustices, which undermine wholesome optimal function in different sectors. Historically, the United States has had issues with social inclusivity following oppression of immigrants, limited opportunities for minority groupings, racism, discrimination, among other things. In his novel, Out of This Furnace, Thomas Bell echoes the experiences of the Kracha family, where he chronicles the various life experiences from one generation to the next. Bell centers on the life of steel workers and their experiences in America. Despite†¦show more content†¦One would actually be justified to assume that the steel mill company is representative of the unfair treatment workers received from the various industries they worked for. In order to echo the discrimination and oppression that immigrants experienced, Thomas H. Coode, in an essay, â€Å"Many Miles to the Middle Class: Reflections on Three Narratives of Life in Mine and Mill Towns† states, â€Å"Mike s story, describes turn-of-the century steel mills as booming; but long and dangerous hours in the mills deprive workers of family time, and poverty and meanness plague Slovak families whose occupational ambitions compete with the ethnic prejudices of bosses and the corporations,† (94). In this statement, Coode makes it clear that corporations during that time were not sensitive to the welfare of their workers, which only means that they were only focused on making profit. They sacrificed good working conditions and sustainable salaries for huge returns to enrich themselves. Such is a demonstration of marginalization and oppression of the poor. It is evident that Mary and her family suffer social exclusion, which undermined their wellbeing. In the novel, Mike talks reflecting the true nature of th e society in which they lived. He says, â€Å"But I’m a Hunky and they don’t give good jobs to Hunkies,† (Bell, 185). This particular statement demonstrates the limiting and oppressive nature of the American society. Putting this into context, Nancy Hewitt, in her book, AShow MoreRelatedThe Wall and Nehemiah Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesTower, the Fish Gate to Furnaces Tower, Nehemiah had been restoring and maintaining a progressive relationship with God. Before he asked King’s permission, he praised to God, confessed sins and asked forgiveness for his sins. He also prayed and asked forgiveness for other people from Israel. 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Synopsis Of The s The Great Gatsby By F. Scott...

â€Å"This is one of the stupidest plans you’ve ever had. Have you even thought this through?† You shook your head in disbelief and glared at a very annoyed Bellamy. â€Å"If you don’t like my plan, why are you here?† Bellamy sassed, rolling his dark chocolate eyes in your direction. â€Å"Pairing two kids who only agreed to get those supplies was that they wanted to use those guns! They literally hate each other’s guts!† â€Å"Well no one asked you to speak, Y/N.† Bellamy responded, not bothering to show you that he was listening to what you were saying and turned around with a smug expression plastered on his face. Bellamy definitely agreed with you on this but Kaleb and Sebastian were the only ones individually willing to go and bring back the supplies†¦show more content†¦You try to hate him, but if you were honest with yourself, you’d say that you have feelings for the handsome rebel leader. The waterfall was truly magical. It looked as though it had a secret door leading to the ocean when you stare at the aquarium blue water pounding down onto the rocks. If the water wasn’t ice cold, you’d without a doubt be floating in the blissful rock pool at the bottom. The flowers that grew on the land surrounding the waterfall were a creamy violet which smelt of sour wild berries. You head over towards a large flat rock and sat down on it to relax your legs from the long journey from camp. The rock was dented and smooth which made it extra comfortable to sit on. A little while later, you heard rustling on the sand behind you. Instinctively, you slowly slide your hands down your sides and reach your knife, taking it out of its holder which was attached to your belt for convenience for such times like this. You quickly jump off the rock and spin yourself to face†¦ Bellamy? â€Å"I thought you were a grounder, asshole.† You place your hand on your chest in an attempt to slow your fast heartbeat, putting your knife back in its holder with the other. â€Å"I should’ve said something...† â€Å"You do realise I came here to get away from you, right?† â€Å"I figured†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Bellamy let out in a whisper feeling more hurt by your comment than he expected. You raise your eyebrows at him for him to explain himself. â€Å"Do you remember when we

Vaccines Do Not Cause Autism Essay - 3070 Words

Vaccines have been used to prevent diseases for centuries, and have saved countless lives of children and adults. The smallpox vaccine was invented as early as 1796, and since then the use of vaccines has continued to protect us from countless life threatening diseases such as polio, measles, and pertussis. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) assures that vaccines are extensively tested by scientist to make sure they are effective and safe, and must receive the approval of the Food and Drug Administration before being used. â€Å"Perhaps the greatest success story in public health is the reduction of infectious diseases due to the use of vaccines† (CDC, 2010). Routine immunization has eliminated smallpox from the globe and†¦show more content†¦This led to the support of various unproven vaccine-autism theories by parents in both the UK and America. After findings of intestinal disease in children with autism, Wakefield claimed that separating the MM R into three different vaccinations would be safer. Since then, Wakefield’s research has been discredited, he was charged with serious professional misconduct by the General Medical Council for violating several ethical practices, and he was investigated for failing to disclose conflict of interest – a pending patent on a rival measles vaccine (Gross, 2009). Although false, many still believe wholeheartedly that vaccines are harmful. Wakefield’s Study In the 1998 article in the Lancet, Wakefield studied 12 children â€Å"who, after a period of apparent normality, lost acquired skills, including communication† (Wakefield, Murch, Anthony, Linnell, Casson, Malik, Berelowitz, Dhillon, Thomson, Harvey, Valentine, Davies, Walker-Smith,1998). All 12 children were reported to show behavioral symptoms after receiving the vaccination. 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People with autism may communicate, interact

Statistic and Business Research Proposal

Question: Statistic and Business Research Proposal: Analyzing the impact of credit card incentive packages on consumer borrowings. Answer: 1.0 Introduction Credit card incentive on consumer borrowing is the process by which the credit card lenders provide credit balance to the consumers (Agarwal et al., 2015). The credit balance is provided to the consumers on the basis of credit limits and rate of interest. Credit card companies also use different types of promotional activities to increase the sale of credit cards. Low rate of interest and various discounts offers increases the popularity of the credit card (Jiang Dunn, 2013). Credit card incentives also develop the economy of any country as a whole. The buying behaviors of the customer also have a huge impact on the credit card consumer borrowing. 1.1 Background of the research Credit cards have a huge impact on the buying behavior of the customers. Moreover, these cards have created a new mentality in the minds of the people. Credit cards have given an opportunity to the customers where they can spend more and save less (Chan et al., 2015). However through credit card, the savings of the customer has shown a gradual decline. This affects the savings attitude of the customers. Therefore, in this research, the level of consumer borrowing will be identified through appropriate research methodologies. 1.2 Significance of the research The most important significance of credit card incentive is increasing the level of consumer borrowing. This has a huge impact on the buying behavior of the consumer and in business. The credit card companies can also increase their revenue through credit card offerings (Zinman, 2013). Any product which is purchased through credit card is costly for the consumers. On the other hand, credit card increases the sale of the profitability of the credit card companies. Though it seems that credit card increases the purchasing power of an individual but in the long term, it reduces the purchasing power of the individual. 1.3 Research Aim The aim of the research activity is to find out the impact of credit card incentive on the purchasing power of the individuals. 1.4 Research Objective To identify the attitude of the consumers on credit card incentive package To find out the impact of the credit card on a consumer. To investigate the issues which a customer faces while purchasing using credit cards. To collect information about different packages which a company offers to customers. 1.5 Research Question What is the attitude of the customers regarding credit card incentive package? What is the impact of the credit card on the buying decision of a customer? What are issues faced by a customer while purchasing through credit cards. What are the various benefits offered by credit card companies? 1.6 Research hypothesis H0: Significant relationship exists between the borrowing attitudes of a consumer and incentive packages provided by a credit card companies. H1: Significant relationship does not exist between the borrowing attitudes of a consumer and incentive packages provided by a credit card companies. Conclusion In this assignment the researcher has discussed the effect of the credit card incentive on consumer borrowing. Credit cards initially increase the purchasing power of the consumers but in the long-term, the purchasing power will be reduced. Excessive uses of credit cards will help the credit card companies to increase the revenue generation of the credit card organization. The credit card companies have also introduced different offers and cash discounts to attract the customers. The researcher will use research methodology structure to complete the survey process. References Agarwal, S., Chomsisengphet, S., Liu, C. Souleles, N.S., (2015). Do consumers choose the right credit contracts?.Review of Corporate Finance Studies, p.cfv003. Anfara Jr, V. A., Mertz, N. T. (2014).Theoretical frameworks in qualitative research. Sage Publications. Arango, C., Huynh, K.P. Sabetti, L., (2015). Consumer payment choice: Merchant card acceptance versus pricing incentives.Journal of Banking Finance,55, pp.130-141. Carlton, D.W. Winter, R.A., (2014). Competition Policy Regulation in Credit Card Markets: Insights from Single-Sided Market Analysis.Available at SSRN 2532166. Chan, S., Haughwout, A., Hayashi, A.T. Van der Klaauw, W., (2015). Determinants of mortgage default consumer credit use: the effects of foreclosure laws foreclosure delays.FRB of New York taff Report, (732).